Chapter 10 section 2

I. The Papal Monarchy A. The Pope controlled the Papal States in central Italy B. Church leaders were so involved in politics and making money that they cared little for spiritual duties C. By the 11th century Pope Gregory VII decided to fight lay investiture 1. Lay investiture is when church officials were appointed by politicians (not clergy) 2. Gregory VII wanted the church to be the only one who could appoint officials

D. The Investiture Controversy- Henry IV of Germany continued to appoint church officials in Germany against orders of the Pope E. Concordat of Worms- Pope and Henry IV reach an agreement where the church has the right to appoint officials but they owe homage to the kings

F. Innocent III- Most powerful Pope in church history who used interdict to control the kings of Europe Interdict- forbids priests from giving sacraments to any group

II. New Religious Orders A. A new religious group called the Cistercians formed in They only owned 1 robe, ate a simple diet, and didn’t decorate their churches and monasteries B. Hildegard of Bingen- Abbess of a monastery who composed music and was considered and intellectual

C. The Franciscans and Dominicans were groups of monks hat started in the 13th century 1. St. Francis of Assisi founded the Franciscans 2. Franciscans helped to preach to and feed the poor (most monks didn’t leave the monasteries

D. Heresy is the denial of basic church doctrine, people who commit heresy are heretics E. The inquisition was a court developed to try heretics Heretics were punished in public or executed

III. Popular Religion in the High Middle Ages A. Sacraments such as marriage, baptism and communion were very important to average people 1. Only clergy could give these sacraments so people were dependent on them

B. Worshipping saints was very important to people because saints were thought to perform miracles for ordinary people 1. The Virgin Mary was the most highly regarded saint in the middle ages, many churches and cathedrals were dedicated to her

C. Relics are bones of saints or objects connected with those saints 1. They were worshipped because it was thought they wre a connection between this world and God 2. Relics were thought to perform miracles

D. Medieval people thought that pilgrimages to holy shrines (relics) would help them get to heaven 1. Jerusalem was a major site, Rome had the relics of St. Peter and St. Paul E. Major roads developed to take pilgrims to important cities