1 CS 201 Compiler Construction Lecture 4 Data Flow Framework

2 The various problems considered have things in common: –Transfer functions –Confluence Operator –Direction of Propagation These problems can be treated in a unified way  data flow framework is an algebraic structure used to encode and solve data flow problems.

3 Monotone Data Flow Framework Components of the framework: 1.Information Set: L 2.Effect of joining paths: ∧ (meet operator) 3.Effect of basic blocks: f n (monotone transfer func.) 4.Iterative Solution: can be shown to terminate (L, ∧ ) is a semilattice st ∨ a,b,c εL 1. a ∧ a = a (idempotent) 2. a ∧ b = b ∧ a (commutative) 3. a ∧ (b ∧ c) = (a ∧ b) ∧ c (assocative) Bottom Element st ∨ a ε L, a ∧ = Top Element Τ st ∨ a ε L, a ∧ Τ = a If top & bottom elements exist, they are unique.

Contd.. Relation ≤ is a partial order on L a ≤ b ≅ a ∧ b = a Can similarly define, ≥ relations A semilattice is bounded iff ∨ a εL there exists a constant c a st length of chain beginning at a is at most c a. 4 Max c a

5 Monotonic Functions Effect of each basic block is modeled by a transfer function f: L  L. Function f must be monotonic. A total function f: L  L is monotonic iff ∨ a,b ε L f(a ∧ b) ≤ f(a) ∧ f(b) Distributive function: f(a ∧ b) = f(a) ∧ f(b) For monotonic functions: a ≤ b => f(a) ≤ f(b)

6 Contd.. For monotonic functions: a ≤ b => f(a) ≤ f(b) Proof: f(a ∧ b) ≤ f(a) ∧ f(b) Defn. of Monotonicity f(a ∧ b) ∧ f(a) ∧ f(b) = f(a ∧ b) Defn. of ≤:(a ∧ b=a) f(a) ∧ f(a) ∧ f(b)= f(a) Given a ≤ b: a ∧ b = a f(a) ∧ f(b) = f(a) f(a) ∧ f(a) = f(a) idempotence f(a) ≤ f(b) Defn. of ≤

7 Fixpoint A fixpoint of a monotonic function f: L  L is a value a ε L such that f(a) = a Τ > f (Τ) > f ( f (Τ) ) > f ( f ( f (Τ) ) ) …….. There exists t such that f ( f t (Τ) ) = f t (Τ) f t (Τ) is the greatest fixpoint of f.

8 Monotone Function Space A monotone function space for a semilattice is a set F of monotonic functions which: 1.Contains the identity function (id) -- basic blocks may not modify information 2.Is closed under function composition -- to model the effects of paths 3.For each a ε L, there exists fεF st f( ) = a -- to model gen functions A distributive function space is a monotone function space in which all functions are distributive.

9 A Monotone Data Flow System A monotone data flow system is a tuple 1.(L, ∧ ) is a bounded semilattice with Τ & 2.F is the monotone function space 3.G = (N, E, s) is the program flow graph 4.FM: N  F is a total function that associates a function from F with each basic block.

10 Meet Over All Paths Solution Meet over all paths solution (MOP) of a data flow system – MOP: N  L MOP(s) = NULL (NULL is the element in L which represents “no information”) F f π is composition of functions from nodes along path π excluding node n. n 1  n 2  n 3  ….  n k-1  n k  fn k o fn k-1 o….o fn 2 o fn 1

11 MOP Solution Finding MOP solution is undecidable, i.e. there does not exist a general algorithm that computes MOP solution for all monotone data flow systems. Let X: N  L denote a total function that associates nodes with lattice elements. X is conservative or safe iff ∨ n εN, X(n) ≤ MOP(n) Iterative algorithm computes conservative approximation of MOP. For distributive data flow systems, it computes solution that is identical to MOP solution.

12 Iterative Algorithm

13 Reaching Definitions

14 Contd…

15 Dominators

16 Constant Propagation f (X)={(a,2),(b,3),(c,5)}f (Y)={(a,3),(b,2),(c,5)} f (X) ∧ f (Y) = {(a,not-const), (b, not-const), (c,5)} X ∧ Y = {(a,not-const),(b,not-const),(c,undef)} f (X ∧ Y) = {(a,not-const),(b,not-const),(c,not-const)} f (X ∧ Y) ≤ f(X) ∧ f(Y)