The Worldwide Graphic Language for Design Chapter 1

Objectives Describe the role of drawings in the design process Contrast concurrent versus traditional design processes List five professions that use technical drawings

Objectives (cont.) Describe four creativity techniques Explain why standards are important Identify uses of the graphic language

Understanding the Role of Technical Drawings Drawings and specifications control details of: Product manufacture Assembly Maintenance Technical drawings require use of standards to communicate worldwide

Understanding the Role of Technical Drawings Technical drawings can take many forms including: Idea or concept sketches Computation sketches Design sketches Layout drawings Part drawings

Understanding the Role of Technical Drawings Technical drawing forms (cont.) Working or construction drawings Electrical drawings Installation drawings Assembly drawings

Understanding the Role of Technical Drawings Technical drawings typically serve one of three purposes: Visualization Communication Documentation

Understanding the Role of Technical Drawings A wide variety of professions use technical drawings to communicate and document designs including: Civil engineering Mechanical engineering Electrical engineering Landscape design Landscape architecture

Understanding the Role of Technical Drawings Professions that use technical drawings (cont.) Industrial design Construction engineering and technology Patternmaking Project management Fabrication and manufacturing

Artistic & Technical Drawings Graphic representation has developed along two distinct lines: Artistic Technical

Artistic & Technical Drawings Before other communication methods developed, people informed themselves through visual means including pictures From earliest recorded history, drawings have been used to represent the design of objects to be built or constructed

Artistic & Technical Drawings Personal or cultural expression in design is often referred to as aesthetic design Enhancing product development is considered functional design Aesthetics and function can work hand in hand to create appealing and functional products

The Design Process The organized and orderly approach to solving problems is known as the design process The engineering design process addresses society’s needs, desires, and problems by applying scientific principles, experience and creativity

The Design Process Different types of technical drawings, from hand sketches to CAD models, have specific functions in the engineering design process The procedure for designing products typically follows a process

The Design Process Stages of the design process include: Problem identification Ideation Refinement/analysis Implementation/documentation

The Design Process

The Design Process Ideally, the design moves through these stages but it may be necessary to return to a previous stage and repeat the process

Concurrent Engineering Traditionally, design and manufacturing activities have taken place in sequential order Although this is a logical approach, in practice it can often be wasteful Concurrent engineering is a systematic approach that integrates the design and manufacture of products with the goal of optimizing the process

Concurrent Engineering

Concurrent Engineering Life cycle design means that all aspects of a product are considered simultaneously These aspects include: Design Development Production Distribution Use Disposal and recycling

Concurrent Engineering The basic goals of concurrent engineering are: Minimize product design and engineering changes Reduce time and cost involved in taking a product from design concept to production then introduction to the marketplace Communication between disciplines is especially important in this process

Computer-Aided Design and Product Development Product design often involves preparing analytical and physical models of the product These models are used to study factors such as forces, stresses, deflections, and optimal part shape

Computer-Aided Design and Product Development The process of constructing and studying analytical models can be simplified by using: Computer-aided design (CAD) Computer-aided engineering (CAE) Computer-aided manufacturing (CAM)

Designing Quality Into Products Quality may be designed into a product in any number of systematic ways including: DFSS – Design for Six Sigma DMAIC – Define Measure Analyze Improve Control Six Sigma QFD – Quality Function Deployment

The Digital Database All the information to manage, design, analyze, simulate, package, market and manufacture a product can be shared with users through a single complex digital database

The Digital Database Systems that electronically store the various types of data associated with design and manufacturing include: PDM – product data management EDM – enterprise data management

The Digital Database Engineering change orders (ECOs), costs, and product revisions can be quickly analyzed, tracked, and implemented using PDM or EDM systems

Engineering Design Stages Identify the customer and the problem Engineering Design Stage 2 Generate concepts – this is often called the ideation stage Engineering Design Stage 3 Compromise solutions

Engineering Design Stages Models and prototypes Parametric, constraint-based, or feature-based models use dimensions and constraints that create “intelligent” models As designs are modified, the model can be updated and new models do not have to be created Rapid prototyping Allows parts to be created quickly and directly from 3D models

Engineering Design Stages Production or Working drawings The drawings show: Necessary views Material Dimensions Required tolerances Notes Other information to sufficiently describe a part for manufacture

Drafting Standards Standards are necessary to support a uniform, effective, graphic language that can be used in industry, manufacturing, engineering, and science

Drafting Standards Groups in the United States who provide standards include: ANSI – the American National Standards Institute ASEE – the American Society for Engineering Education SAE – the Society of Automotive Engineers ASME – the American Society of Mechanical Engineers

Drafting Standards International standards are often defined by the following groups: ISO – International Standards Organization ASME ANSI

Creativity Techniques Examine manufactured products Reverse engineering Functional decomposition Study the natural world Watch the Web Research patent drawings Design groups

Product Definition Product definition is the range of digital or hard copy documents that specify the physical function requirements for a product This can range from a 3D CAD model that specifies manufacturing requirements within the CAD file to a dimensioned paper sketch

Product Definition