Myers’ EXPLORING PSYCHOLOGY (6th Ed)

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Myers’ EXPLORING PSYCHOLOGY (6th Ed) Chapter 5 Sensation & Perception Modified from: James A. McCubbin, PhD Clemson University Worth Publishers

Sensation & Perception Process by which sensory receptors & nervous system receive & represent stimulus energy Perception Process of organizing & interpreting sensory info, enabling us to recognize meaningful objects & events

Sensation & Perception Bottom-Up Processing Begins with sense receptors & works up to brain’s integration of sensory info Top-Down Processing Guided by higher-level mental processes Construct perceptions drawing on experience & expectations

Sensation: Basic Principles Psychophysics Study of relationship between physical characteristics of stimuli & psychological experience of them Light - Brightness Sound - Volume Pressure - Weight Taste - Sweetness

Sensation: Thresholds Absolute Threshold Minimum stimulation needed to detect particular stimulus 50% of time Difference Threshold (JND) Minimum difference between 2 stimuli required for detection 50% of time Increases in proportion to size of stimulus Weber’s law

Sensation: Sensory Adaptation Diminished sensitivity as consequence of constant stimulation Enable us to focus on informative changes

Vision (Contains Rods & Cones)

Vision: Receptors in retina Receptors in the Human Eye Cones Rods Number Location in retina Sensitivity in dim light Color sensitive? Yes Low Center 6 million No High Periphery 120 million

How the Brain Perceives Necker Cube

Perceptual Organization Gestalt Organized whole Tendency to integrate pieces of information into meaningful wholes

Perceptual Organization: Form Perception Figure-Ground-Organize visual field into objects (figures) that stand out from surroundings (ground)

Perceptual Organization: Form Perception-Grouping Organize stimuli into coherent groups using certain principles Proximity Similarity Continuity Connectedness Closure

Perceptual Organization: Form Perception-Grouping

Perceptual Organization: Form Perception-Grouping Closure Gestalt grouping principles are at work here.

Perceptual Organization: Depth Perception Ability to see objects in 3D Helps judge distance Binocular cues (2 eyes) Retinal disparity Images from 2 eyes differ Closer object, larger disparity Convergence Neuromuscular cue 2 eyes move inward for near objects Monocular cues (1 eye)

Perceptual Organization: Depth Perception Monocular Cues Relative size Interposition Relative height Linear perspective Light & shadow Relative motion

Perceptual Organization: Depth Perception Perspective Techniques

Perceptual Organization: Depth Perception Light and Shadow

Perceptual Organization: Depth Perception

Perceptual Constancy Perceptual Constancy Shape Constancy Perceiving objects as unchanging even as illumination & retinal image change Shape Constancy Size Constancy

Perceptual Constancy: Size-Distance Relationship