A High-Level Model For Software Development What is involved in the process of designing, writing and maintaining computer programs? What are some ways that an algorithm can be specified?

What Is Computer Science? Review: Solving problems with the computer

A Model For Creating Computer Software Specify the problem Determine how to solve the problem Implement the solution Maintenance of the solution

Specifying The Problem Determine what problem will be solved by the computer Verify the problem

Determine How To Solve The Problem Specify the algorithm Can be done in many ways e.g., flowcharts, spreadsheets (more to come later in this section of notes) Implementation independent! Check the algorithm

Implement The Design Translating the high level algorithm to an actual programming language (e.g., Pascal) Test the program This step is covered in the balance of this course (and the next course, CPSC 233)

Maintaining The Design Modify the program according to changing needs and to address problems (software bugs) Includes the application of techniques for good design (Software Engineering). Some in CPSC 233 (more in CPSC 333)

What You Now Know: A Model For Creating Computer Software Specify the problem Determine how to solve the problem (algorithm) Implement the solution Maintenance of the solution

What Is An Algorithm? The steps needed to solve a problem Characteristics Specific Unambiguous Language independent

Ways Of Specifying The Algorithm Pseudo-code Flowcharts

Pseudo-Code Employs 'programming-like' statements to depict the algorithm No standard format (language independent)

Pseudo-Code Statements Display Enter Action Decision making Repetition Statements are carried out in order Example: Calling up a friend Look up telephone number Punch in telephone number Wait for someone to answer : :

Variables Are used with pseudo-code statements Symbols (typically an alphabetic string e.g,, x, num, num1) used to store values The value stored can change during the algorithm

Constants Are used with pseudo-code statements They are values that cannot be changed

Display Used to show information General format: Example Line of text: Display 'Message' Variable: Display Name of variable Mixed display: Separate each item to be displayed with a comma Example Display 'Available credit limit $', limit

Enter Used to get information Information is stored in a variable General format: Enter: Name of variable Example: Enter userName

Pseudo-Code: Action For computer programs it's usually an assignment statement (sets a variable to some value) General form: Variable = arithmetic expression Example: x = 2 x = x + 1 a = b * c

Pseudo-Code: Decision Making If-then General form: if (condition is met) then statement(s) Example: if temperature < 0 then wear a jacket If-then-else else statements(s)

Pseudo-Code: Decision Making (2) Example: if (at work) then Dress formally else Dress casually

Pseudo-Code: Decision Making (3) Types of conditions Symbol Greater than > Greater than or equal to ≥ Less than < Less than or equal to ≤ Equal to = Not equal to ≠

Pseudo-Code: Repetition repeat-until while-do

Pseudo-Code: Repetition (2) repeat-until Repeat at least once (check if condition is met after statement(s)) General form: repeat statement(s) until (condition is met) Example: Go up to buffet table until full

Pseudo-Code: Repetition (3) while-do Repeat zero or more times (check if condition is met before statement(s)) General form: while (condition is met) do statement(s) Example: while students ask questions do Answer questions

Pseudo-Code: Fast Food Example Use pseudo-code to specify the algorithm for a person who ordering food at a fast food restaurant. At the food counter, the person can either order or not order the following items: a burger, fries and a drink. After placing her order the person then goes to the cashier.

Pseudo-Code: Fast Food Example Approach counter If want burger then Order burger If want fries then Order fries If want drink then Order drink Pay cashier

Pseudo-Code: Grade Tabulator Example Use pseudo-code to specify the algorithm for a grade tabulation program. The program will ask the instructor to enter in a percentage value for each student. Based on this value the program will determine if the student passed the course or not: If the percentage is 50% or greater then the student passed the course and the message 'Student receives course credit' will appear. Otherwise, if the percentage is below 50%, then the student failed the course and the message 'Student will not receive course credit' will appear. As the instructor is entering grades, the program will automatically track the number of students who passed the course and the number of students that did not. The instructor indicates to the program that she has finished entering the grades by entering negative percentage (e.g., -1%) at which time the program displays the total number of students that passed and total that did not pass and it then ends execution.

Pseudo-Code: Grade Tabulator Example pass = 0 fail = 0 Display 'Enter percentage for student (negative percentage to end): ' Enter percentage While Percentage ≥ 0 do If (percentage ≥ 50) then Display 'Student receives course credit' pass = pass + 1 Else Display 'Student will not receive course credit' fail = fail + 1 Display 'Number of students that passed: ', pass Display 'Number of students that failed: ', fail

Summary Of Pseudo-Code Statements Statement Purpose Display Display information Enter Get information Action Perform an activity (not covered by the other statements) Decision Choose between different alternatives Repetition Perform a step multiple times Variables are used in conjunction with these statements to store information. Constants may be used to represent a value that does not ever change.

Basic Flowchart Elements Action Terminator Input Output Off page Connector Decision Terminator – start or end of algorithm Process – an atomic activity Input – get information Output –display information Decision – choose between alternatives Off page connector – use to connect the different parts of a flowchart if it spans multiple pages Arrow – indicates the order of the steps in an algorithm Variables – used to store information c Arrow Variables and constants

Flowchart: Fast Food Example Draw a flowchart to outline the algorithm for a person who ordering food at a fast food restaurant. At the food counter, the person can either order or not order the following items: a burger, fries and a drink. After placing her order the person then goes to the cashier.

Flowchart: Fast Food Example Approach counter Want burger? Order burger Y N Want fries? Order fries Y N Want Drink? Order drink Y N Pay cashier

Flowchart: Grade Tabulator Example Use a flowchart to specify the algorithm for a grade tabulation program. The program will ask the instructor to enter in a percentage value for each student. Based on this value the program will determine if the student passed the course or not: If the percentage is 50% or greater then the student passed the course and the message 'Student receives course credit' will appear. Otherwise, if the percentage is below 50%, then the student failed the course and the message 'Student will not receive course credit' will appear. As the instructor is entering grades, the program will automatically track the number of students who passed the course and the number of students that did not. The instructor indicates to the program that she has finished entering the grades by entering negative percentage (e.g., -1%) at which time the program displays the total number of students that passed and total that did not pass and it then ends execution.

Flowchart: Grade Tabulator Example Begin pass = 0 fail = 0 'Enter percentage for student (negative to end'): ' Percentage 1

Flowchart: Grade Tabulator Example (2) 1 6 Percentage ≥ 0? N 2 Y Percentage ≥ 50? N 3 Y 4

Flowchart: Grade Tabulator Example (3) 'Student will not receive course credit' fail = fail + 1 5

Flowchart: Grade Tabulator Example (4) 'Student receives course credit' pass = pass + 1 5

Flowchart: Grade Tabulator Example (5) 'Enter percentage for student (negative to end'): ' Percentage 6

Flowchart: Grade Tabulator Example (6) 2 'Number of students that failed: ', fail 'Number of students that passed: ', pass End

Summary What are the major steps involved in creating software Specification Design Implementation Maintenance How to layout out an algorithm using flowcharts and pseudo- code What are the basic elements of algorithms Input Output Decision-Making Repetition Action Variables and constants