II. Atoms, molecules, and cells A. Hierarchy of life B. Atoms and the importance of carbon C. Biomolecules: 1. carbohydrates 2. lipids and APOE 3. proteins 4. nucleic acids D. The cell theory E. Basic cell types 1. prokaryote cells 2. eukaryote cells a. nucleus b. mitochondria F. Cellular interactions 1. Cell surface and immunity: self recognition 2. Cell proteins and muscular dystrophies 3. Signal transduction 4. Cell adhesion G. The cell cycle H. DNA replication and mitosis

A. Hierarchy of life

B. Atoms and the importance of carbon

C. Biomolecules 1. carbohydrates monosaccharides disaccharides polysaccharides cellulose lactose Genes and carbos sucrose starch

2. Lipids Saturated versus unsaturated Fats Steroids Fatty acids insoluble hydrophobic Lipids and genes precursor Cholesterol makes fat sticky

Blocked arteries (APO mus) atherosclerosis

Preventing heart disease Top 5 healthiest foods 1. Cold water fish 2. Beans and peas 3. Oatmeal 4. Soy products 5. Olive oil

3. proteins keratin collagen fibrin hemoglobin Structural Enzymes Hormones Myosin and actin Behind every protein …

3. proteins

amino acids

Lipoproteins and APO HDL/ LDL/ VLDL Butter, margarine, olive oil Lipoproteins APO: unload trucks Delivery trucks

GENE FOCUS: APOE GENE I. APO (apolipoprotein) family II. Fate of bacon and eggs A. Liver B. VLDL>LDL>HDL III. Job of APOE IV. APOE polymorphisms : E 2, E 3, E 4 A. Efficiency varies B. Population incidence of E 4 V. Alzheimer’s Disease A. chances B. possible jobs of APOE in brain C. test available 1. ethics 2. who should know? A, B, C, E APOE-fat APOB-cholesterol

B. Population incidence of E 4 low lowest moderately high most Genes and the environment

V. Alzheimer’s Disease No E4 = 20% chance of Alzheimer’s by 84 One E4 = 50% chance of Alzheimer’s by 75 Two E4 = 91% chance of Alzheimer’s by 68 Test available

Bovine spongiform encephalopathy Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease Prions and spongiform encephalopathies PRP gene resistance Kuru

4. nucleic acids DNA RNA

nucleotides Phosphate 5 carbon sugar (deoxyribose) Base: A, T, C, G

DNA structure and function

Self replication and genetic code The two jobs of DNA

DNA factoids

D.The cell theory 1. All living systems are made up of cells 2. All life’s functions are ultimately cellular 3. All cells come from preexisting cells Theory = well-documented,explanatory principle Characteristics of life mitosis

E. Basic cell types 1. prokaryote cells loopy Cell membrane plasmids fission

2. eukaryote cells organelles

a. nucleus

Flow of information DNA to mRNA Endoplasmic reticulum Golgi body Export ribosomes

b. mitochondria ATP ribosomes enzymes DNA Typhus Carbos + O 2 >>>>> CO 2 + H 2 O Living examples Respiration:

F. Cellular interactions 1. Cell surface and immunity: self recognition antigens Auto immune disorders

04.22 Signal Transduction Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Stimulus (first messenger) Light Chemical gradient Temperature change Toxin Hormone Growth factor ATP cAMP (second messenger) Responses MovementCell divisionSecretionMetabolic change Signal Receptor protein Regulator Enzyme

4. Cell adhesion Epidermolysis Bullosa

H. Viruses 1. Infection 2. RNA viruses 3. HIV a. HIV structure b. HIV infection cycle c. HIV budding d. AIDS origin?

H. Viruses Infect more cells protein coat viral DNA or RNA Living or non-living? 1. Infection vectors Where do they come from?

2. RNA Viruses HIVFlu Cold Ebola RNA viruses Retroviruses: Reverse transcription RNA >>> DNA Reverse transcriptase

3. HIV/ AIDS

a. HIV structure HIV structure 2 strands RNA 3 enzymes Protein coat Lipid membrane HIV target cell? Helper T cells

b. HIV infection cycle CCR5 co-receptor Human resistance HIV keys to success

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Virus binds receptors on cell membrane, and enters cell. Enzymes remove proteins of viral capsid. 1 RT catalyzes formation of DNA complementary to viral RNA. 2 3 New DNA strand serves as a template for complementary DNA strand Double stranded DNA is incorporated into host cell’s genome. 4 Viral genes transcribed into mRNA. Some viral DNA copied as the RNA genome for virions. 5 mRNA translated into HIV proteins in cytoplasm. 6 Capsids surround new viral RNA genomes. 7 New viruses bud from host cell Chromosomal DNA Viral DNA DNA RNA-DNA hybrid Viral RNA Viral proteins RNA Nucleus Glycoprotein Capsid Reverse transcriptase (RT) RNA Viral envelope 50 nm Host cell Replication of HIV Slide number: 1

50 nm Replication of HIV Slide number: 2 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

19.09 Replication of HIV Slide number: 3 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 50 nm Capsid Glycoprotein Viral envelope Reverse transcriptase (RT) RNA

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Replication of HIV Slide number: 4 Nucleus Host cell

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Replication of HIV Slide number: 5 Nucleus Host cell

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Replication of HIV Slide number: 6 Nucleus Host cell

Virus binds receptors on cell membrane, and enters cell. Enzymes remove proteins of viral capsid. 1 1 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Replication of HIV Slide number: 7 Nucleus Host cell

Virus binds receptors on cell membrane, and enters cell. Enzymes remove proteins of viral capsid. 1 1 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Replication of HIV Slide number: 8 Nucleus Host cell

Virus binds receptors on cell membrane, and enters cell. Enzymes remove proteins of viral capsid. 1 1 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Replication of HIV Slide number: 9 Nucleus Host cell

Virus binds receptors on cell membrane, and enters cell. Enzymes remove proteins of viral capsid. 1 1 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Replication of HIV Slide number: 10 Nucleus Host cell

Nucleus Host cell Virus binds receptors on cell membrane, and enters cell. Enzymes remove proteins of viral capsid. 1 1 Viral RNA Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Replication of HIV Slide number: 11

Virus binds receptors on cell membrane, and enters cell. Enzymes remove proteins of viral capsid. 1 RT catalyzes formation of DNA complementary to viral RNA. 2 RNA-DNA hybrid 2 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Replication of HIV Slide number: 12 Nucleus Host cell Viral RNA

RNA-DNA hybrid Nucleus Host cell Virus binds receptors on cell membrane, and enters cell. Enzymes remove proteins of viral capsid. 1 RT catalyzes formation of DNA complementary to viral RNA. 2 3 New DNA strand serves as a template for complementary DNA strand. 3 DNA Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Replication of HIV Slide number: 13

Nucleus Host cell DNA Virus binds receptors on cell membrane, and enters cell. Enzymes remove proteins of viral capsid. 1 RT catalyzes formation of DNA complementary to viral RNA. 2 New DNA strand serves as a template for complementary DNA strand. 3 Double stranded DNA is incorporated into host cell’s genome. 4 4 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Replication of HIV Slide number: 14

Nucleus Host cell Virus binds receptors on cell membrane, and enters cell. Enzymes remove proteins of viral capsid. 1 RT catalyzes formation of DNA complementary to viral RNA. 2 New DNA strand serves as a template for complementary DNA strand. 3 Double stranded DNA is incorporated into host cell’s genome. 4 4 Chromosomal DNA Viral DNA Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Replication of HIV Slide number: 15

Nucleus Host cell Virus binds receptors on cell membrane, and enters cell. Enzymes remove proteins of viral capsid. 1 RT catalyzes formation of DNA complementary to viral RNA. 2 New DNA strand serves as a template for complementary DNA strand. 3 Double stranded DNA is incorporated into host cell’s genome. 4 5 Viral genes transcribed into mRNA. Some viral DNA copied as the RNA genome for virions. 5 RNA Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Replication of HIV Slide number: 16

Nucleus Host cell Virus binds receptors on cell membrane, and enters cell. Enzymes remove proteins of viral capsid. 1 RT catalyzes formation of DNA complementary to viral RNA. 2 New DNA strand serves as a template for complementary DNA strand. 3 Double stranded DNA is incorporated into host cell’s genome. 4 Viral genes transcribed into mRNA. Some viral DNA copied as the RNA genome for virions. 5 mRNA translated into HIV proteins in cytoplasm. 6 6 Viral proteins Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Replication of HIV Slide number: 17

Nucleus Host cell Virus binds receptors on cell membrane, and enters cell. Enzymes remove proteins of viral capsid. 1 RT catalyzes formation of DNA complementary to viral RNA. 2 New DNA strand serves as a template for complementary DNA strand. 3 Double stranded DNA is incorporated into host cell’s genome. 4 Viral genes transcribed into mRNA. Some viral DNA copied as the RNA genome for virions. 5 mRNA translated into HIV proteins in cytoplasm. 6 Viral proteins Capsids surround new viral RNA genomes. 7 7 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Replication of HIV Slide number: 18

Nucleus Host cell Viral proteins Virus binds receptors on cell membrane, and enters cell. Enzymes remove proteins of viral capsid. 1 RT catalyzes formation of DNA complementary to viral RNA. 2 New DNA strand serves as a template for complementary DNA strand. 3 Double stranded DNA is incorporated into host cell’s genome. 4 Viral genes transcribed into mRNA. Some viral DNA copied as the RNA genome for virions. 5 mRNA translated into HIV proteins in cytoplasm. 6 Capsids surround new viral RNA genomes. 7 7 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Replication of HIV Slide number: 19

Nucleus Host cell Virus binds receptors on cell membrane, and enters cell. Enzymes remove proteins of viral capsid. 1 RT catalyzes formation of DNA complementary to viral RNA. 2 New DNA strand serves as a template for complementary DNA strand. 3 Double stranded DNA is incorporated into host cell’s genome. 4 Viral genes transcribed into mRNA. Some viral DNA copied as the RNA genome for virions. 5 mRNA translated into HIV proteins in cytoplasm. 6 Capsids surround new viral RNA genomes. 7 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Replication of HIV Slide number: 20

Nucleus Host cell Virus binds receptors on cell membrane, and enters cell. Enzymes remove proteins of viral capsid. 1 RT catalyzes formation of DNA complementary to viral RNA. 2 New DNA strand serves as a template for complementary DNA strand. 3 Double stranded DNA is incorporated into host cell’s genome. 4 Viral genes transcribed into mRNA. Some viral DNA copied as the RNA genome for virions. 5 mRNA translated into HIV proteins in cytoplasm. 6 Capsids surround new viral RNA genomes. 7 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Replication of HIV Slide number: 21

Nucleus Host cell 8 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Replication of HIV Slide number: 22 Virus binds receptors on cell membrane, and enters cell. Enzymes remove proteins of viral capsid. 1 RT catalyzes formation of DNA complementary to viral RNA. 2 New DNA strand serves as a template for complementary DNA strand. 3 Double stranded DNA is incorporated into host cell’s genome. 4 Viral genes transcribed into mRNA. Some viral DNA copied as the RNA genome for virions. 5 mRNA translated into HIV proteins in cytoplasm. 6 Capsids surround new viral RNA genomes. 7 New viruses bud from host cell. 8

Nucleus Host cell 8 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Replication of HIV Slide number: 23 Virus binds receptors on cell membrane, and enters cell. Enzymes remove proteins of viral capsid. 1 RT catalyzes formation of DNA complementary to viral RNA. 2 New DNA strand serves as a template for complementary DNA strand. 3 Double stranded DNA is incorporated into host cell’s genome. 4 Viral genes transcribed into mRNA. Some viral DNA copied as the RNA genome for virions. 5 mRNA translated into HIV proteins in cytoplasm. 6 Capsids surround new viral RNA genomes. 7 New viruses bud from host cell. 8

Nucleus Host cell Virus binds receptors on cell membrane, and enters cell. Enzymes remove proteins of viral capsid. 1 RT catalyzes formation of DNA complementary to viral RNA. 2 New DNA strand serves as a template for complementary DNA strand. 3 Double stranded DNA is incorporated into host cell’s genome. 4 Viral genes transcribed into mRNA. Some viral DNA copied as the RNA genome for virions. 5 mRNA translated into HIV proteins in cytoplasm. 6 Capsids surround new viral RNA genomes. 7 New viruses bud from host cell. 8 8 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Replication of HIV Slide number: 24

Nucleus Host cell 8 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Replication of HIV Slide number: 25 Virus binds receptors on cell membrane, and enters cell. Enzymes remove proteins of viral capsid. 1 RT catalyzes formation of DNA complementary to viral RNA. 2 New DNA strand serves as a template for complementary DNA strand. 3 Double stranded DNA is incorporated into host cell’s genome. 4 Viral genes transcribed into mRNA. Some viral DNA copied as the RNA genome for virions. 5 mRNA translated into HIV proteins in cytoplasm. 6 Capsids surround new viral RNA genomes. 7 New viruses bud from host cell. 8

Nucleus Host cell 8 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Replication of HIV Slide number: 26 Virus binds receptors on cell membrane, and enters cell. Enzymes remove proteins of viral capsid. 1 RT catalyzes formation of DNA complementary to viral RNA. 2 New DNA strand serves as a template for complementary DNA strand. 3 Double stranded DNA is incorporated into host cell’s genome. 4 Viral genes transcribed into mRNA. Some viral DNA copied as the RNA genome for virions. 5 mRNA translated into HIV proteins in cytoplasm. 6 Capsids surround new viral RNA genomes. 7 New viruses bud from host cell. 8

Nucleus Host cell Virus binds receptors on cell membrane, and enters cell. Enzymes remove proteins of viral capsid. 1 RT catalyzes formation of DNA complementary to viral RNA. 2 New DNA strand serves as a template for complementary DNA strand. 3 Double stranded DNA is incorporated into host cell’s genome. 4 Viral genes transcribed into mRNA. Some viral DNA copied as the RNA genome for virions. 5 mRNA translated into HIV proteins in cytoplasm. 6 Capsids surround new viral RNA genomes. 7 New viruses bud from host cell. 8 8 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Replication of HIV Slide number: 27

Nucleus Host cell 8 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Replication of HIV Slide number: 28 Virus binds receptors on cell membrane, and enters cell. Enzymes remove proteins of viral capsid. 1 RT catalyzes formation of DNA complementary to viral RNA. 2 New DNA strand serves as a template for complementary DNA strand. 3 Double stranded DNA is incorporated into host cell’s genome. 4 Viral genes transcribed into mRNA. Some viral DNA copied as the RNA genome for virions. 5 mRNA translated into HIV proteins in cytoplasm. 6 Capsids surround new viral RNA genomes. 7 New viruses bud from host cell. 8

Nucleus Host cell Virus binds receptors on cell membrane, and enters cell. Enzymes remove proteins of viral capsid. 1 RT catalyzes formation of DNA complementary to viral RNA. 2 New DNA strand serves as a template for complementary DNA strand. 3 Double stranded DNA is incorporated into host cell’s genome. 4 Viral genes transcribed into mRNA. Some viral DNA copied as the RNA genome for virions. 5 mRNA translated into HIV proteins in cytoplasm. 6 Capsids surround new viral RNA genomes. 7 New viruses bud from host cell. 8 8 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Replication of HIV Slide number: 29

Nucleus Host cell Virus binds receptors on cell membrane, and enters cell. Enzymes remove proteins of viral capsid. 1 RT catalyzes formation of DNA complementary to viral RNA. 2 New DNA strand serves as a template for complementary DNA strand. 3 Double stranded DNA is incorporated into host cell’s genome. 4 Viral genes transcribed into mRNA. Some viral DNA copied as the RNA genome for virions. 5 mRNA translated into HIV proteins in cytoplasm. 6 Capsids surround new viral RNA genomes. 7 New viruses bud from host cell. 8 8 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Replication of HIV Slide number: 30

c. HIV budding

polio virus HIV d. HIV/AIDS: origin? SIV

AZT Thabo Mbeki d. AIDS: origin?

The end