XML is a set of rules for building markup languages. It is not just glorified HTML or only for the internet. XML is a family of technologies that can do everything from formatting documents to filtering data. XML is a philosophy for information handling that seeks to maximize usefulness and flexibility of data by refining it to its purest and most structured form. Characterizing XML

XML to Formatted Presentation (HTML, PDF, user created format, etc.) Combining what we wanted to previously keep separate; markup and style. Why? –Author can concentrate on meaning –Designer can concentrate on appearance –More options for presentation XML – A Family of Technologies

DocBook – a markup language (DTD) for technical documentation of computer hardware and software. Consists of several hundred elements. Elements include,,,, XML Application – DocBook

prevents a user from creating an image to hold data which cannot be searched. Papers would be easier to write! Each publisher could still use their own display format (different CSSs or XML Schemas) and users only need to worry about content. Searching for scientific papers on a topic would be easier and faster. –Search methods not possible now could be done. –Can search by element instead of just by keyword. –Can have more complex querying* DocBook vs. Word Processor

XML Application – a markup language derived from XML rules (e.g. DocBook) XML Software applications – set of components, each performing a crucial step on an assembly line (XML processors) XML Tools – commercially available programs that help a user work with XML XML Applications and Tools

Set of components, each performing a crucial step on an assembly line: 1. Parser – translate XML markup and data into tokens 2. Event Switcher – routes tokens to event handling routines (CSS) 3. Tree Representation – a tree structure is built if more complicated processing of an XML document is needed a. Simple – hierarchy of nodes b. Object Model – each node represented as an object 4. Tree Processor -traverses a tree so operations can be done on the tree model -validity checker to a full transformation engine XML Processors

Editing and Composition Electronic Delivery Control Information and Development Conversion Document Storage and Management Parsers and Engines XML Software Applications

XML has a lot of different parts and at first seems to be very complex. Each part by itself is simple. There is no need to be an expert in all of XML to be able to use it productively. XML Software Applications

Editing and composition (Tools for interactive creation, modification and composition of XML documents.) –XML Editors Text – emacs, vi Graphical – HTML-Kit, etc. Electronic delivery (Tools for electronic delivery and display of XML documents) –XML Browsers Amaya (W3C) - HTML/XHTML browser/editor w/CSS and XLinks support InDelv XML Client – XSLT style sheets for display, supports XPath and XPointer IE5.5 – displays XML with CSS or XSLT Mozilla(Netscape) – displays XML with CSS IBM Alphaworks – DTD aware XML Software Applications

Control information and development (Tools for creating, modifying and documenting DTDs, XSL style sheets etc.) –CSS Editors/DTD Editors (similar to XML editors – some overlap) –DTD Documenters LiveDTD - parses XML DTDs and generates documentation HTML files from the DTDs with cross-links to element and parameter entity definitions. –DTD Generators Data Descriptors by Example - automatically generate an XML DTD or schema from a set of document instances. *Rhythmyx XSpLit - claims to be able to automatically generate an XML DTD and an XSLT style sheet from a sample HTML document. The XSLT style sheet can then be combined with XML documents that conform to the XML DTD to produce HTML pages with the same design as the original, but with new content. SAXON – includes a small application that can generate DTDs from sample input files –DTD Parsers –Schema Converters DTD2RELAX - converts a DTD into a RELAX schema module. XML Software Applications

Control information and development (con’d) –XSL Checkers XSL Lint – checks XSLT style sheets for mistakes XSL Trace – debugger for XSLT style sheets –XSL Converters XSLT is a subset of the more general XSL, these programs convert from XSL to XSLT –XSLT Editors –XSLT Generators WH2FO - reads HTML files produced by Microsoft Word and converts it into an XML document, with two XSLT style sheets: one for conversion back to HTML and one for conversion to XSL-FO (Extensible Style Sheet Language for Formatting Objects – another subset of XSL) Rhythmyx XSpLit XML Software Applications

Conversion (Tools for scripted creation and modification of XML documents.) –General N-converters – convert from non-XML (usually word processing document) to XML –General S-converters – process XML documents (Transformation) –Publishing Converters TeXML - an XML DTD and a Java application called TeXMLatte. TeXMLatte takes TeXML documents and converts them to TeX. This can be used with, for example, an XSL XML-to-TeXML conversion to produce TeX output from XML source documents. TeXML can also convert to plain text. XML Software Applications

Document Storage and Management (Tools for supporting document management, such as document databases and search engines.) –XML document database systems (systems for persistently storing XML documents and providing access to their structure and individual parts.) Lore - a DBMS built specifically for the XML data model, complete with query language, query optimizer, indexing, multi-user support and recovery. XML-DBMS - a Java library that can be used to move data from XML to a relational database and also back again. –XML search engines Xset - an XML search engine oriented towards performance. It keeps its working set in memory (using paging to support large documents) and can be accessed through RMI. The query language is very simple. sgrep - a general tool for searching and indexing text that supports XML (and SGML). It also has its own very powerful query language. XML Software Applications

Parsers and Engines (XML parsers, parsing toolkits, HyTime engines and DSSSL engines –DOM implementations – set of Java interfaces declaring methods that the developer should create –DSSSL engines – for formatting SGML docs –RDF parsers –SGML/XML parsers –XLink/XPointer engines Jaxon - parse XPath expressions, and evaluate them against XML tree representation –XML Middleware - General software packages for making XML-aware applications o f some form. –XML Parsers – translate XML markup & data into tokens to be processed –XML Validators - Software for validating XML documents by other means than DTDs. –XSL engines - Engines that support the XSL formatting objects specification. –XSLT engines - Engines that support the XSL Transformations specification. XML Software Applications

DTD drawbacks: –Enforcing an element’s range of occurrences A fruit_basket can have between 5 and 7 banana elements –Enforcing a numbering scheme on child elements A fruit_basket can have 3 bananas each numbered 1 through 3 Cannot be done with a DTD DTD vs. XML Schema

Enforcing an element’s range of occurrences –Use XML Schema DTD vs. XML Schema

Enforcing a numbering scheme on child elements – XSLT style sheet – and # of banana children OK Whoops! # of banana children is banana # banana_number DTD vs. XML Schema

OK Whoops! xnbo DTD vs. XML Schema

Limitations to CSS –Its simplicity limits more complex formatting –Elements are processed in the order of their appearance –Arithmetic operations on element positions or values cannot be done –May be replaced by XSL-FO More detailed than CSS Is an XML application Is more closely tied to XML’s nested-container structure Cascading Style Sheets

XSLT (Extensible Style sheet Language for Transformation) Allows data in a document to be used later for applications that do searches, queries and other sophisticated operations. Transform a document into something else XSLT (subset of XSL)