MOBILE POWER SOURCES TEAM 7

INTRODUCTION Chemical Batteries Mechanical Energy Wireless Energy Butane Energy

HOW A BATTERY WORKS

CHEMICAL BATTERIES Nickel Cadmium  NiCd Nickel Metal Hydride  NiMH Lithium Ion  Li-Ion Lithium Polymer  LiPo

NICKEL CADMIUM Nickel oxyhydroxide for positive electrode Metallic Cadmium for negative electrode 1.2 volts per cell 70-90% discharge Self discharge approx. 10%/month Rechargeable  Memory Effect  2000 cycles

NICKEL METAL HYDRIDE Similar to NiCd  Uses nickel oxyhydroxide for positive electrode  Hydrogen absorbing alloy for negative electrode 1.2 volts per cell 66% charge/discharge efficiency 1-2% per month self discharge Rechargeable  cycles  Memory Effect

LITHIUM ION No Memory Effect  Lithium Ions move from negative electrode to positive electrode during discharge and back during charge 3.6 volts per cell cycles 80-90% charge/discharge efficency 8-31% self discharge (temperature dependent) Lightweight

LITHIUM POLYMER Still a lithium ion battery with different guts  Lithium salt electrolyte is held in solid polymer instead of organic solvent 99.8% charge/discharge efficiency 5% per month self discharge rate 1000 or more cycles month durability

FUTURE MECHANICAL BATTERIES Nanogenerators Plastic Supercapacitor Extending battery life

NANOGENERATORS Georgia Institute of Technology  Dr. Zhong Lin Wang Small movements to generate power  Device able to power LCD screens and power radio signals Devices powered by body movement 5 years

NANOGENERATORS Zinc oxide nanowires Peizoelectric effect 5 nano-generators

NANOGENERATORS Advantages  Powered by body movements  Small  No batteries or electrical outlets Disadvantages  Sensitive to moisture

PLASTIC SUPERCAPACITOR Plastic supercapacitor  Imperial College London & Volvo  Plastic able to store electric charge  Like traditional battery  Greener  ure=player_embedded ure=player_embedded

PLASTIC SUPERCAPACITOR Advantages  Green  Wearable  Longer lasting with little degradation  Small and conformable Disadvantages  Concept idea  Not fully tested yet

EXTENDING BATTERY LIFE Present flash memory  Bits stored as charges  Slow  High programming voltages Future flash memory  University of Illinois Engineers  Ultra low-power digital memory

EXTENDING BATTERY LIFE Phase-Change Material(PCM)  Alternative to current flash memory  Bit stored in resistance  Switchable  Carbon nanotube  Small size  Nanoscale contacts

EXTENDING BATTERY LIFE Advantages  Faster  Not susceptible to degradation  Immune to accidental erasure  Low power consumption  Small  No batteries or outlets needed Disadvantages  Cost disadvantage compared to regular flash  Sensitive to temperature to perform well

THE TESLA EFFECT

WHAT IS THE TESLA EFFECT? The transmission of electrical energy from a power source to an electrical load without interconnecting wires First demonstrated in 1891

HOW DOES IT WORK? Built on the principal of resonant coupling Electromagnetic field energy-tranfer/

LIMITATIONS The size Range Efficiency Cost

PRODUCTS OUT TODAY Powermat Duracell MyGrid Energizer Inductive Charger

THE FUTURE! No more wires cluttering areas No more outlets in the wall All devices will be charged/charging without the needing to be plugged in

BUTANE POWER CELL Company history Reasons for using the cell Technology concerns Technical information/operation The future of the company and product

COMPANY HISTORY Silicon Power Cell Lilliputian Systems Inc  Founded by former MIT students in 2002 $50 billion portable power market Raised over $90 million in venture capital funding

TECHNOLOGY CONCERNS Why consider butane power cells?  Incremental growth in the lithium industry Technology Concerns  Environmentally friendly  Approved for aircraft  Improved volumetric density  Improved gravimetric energy density Cost  $99 for the power cell  $2 for replacement cartridges

BUTANE POWER CELL PROTOTYPE

TECHNICAL INFORMATION Proton-Exchange Membrane vs Solid Oxide Why the butane market is almost non-existent  Temperature!

FUTURE OF THE BUTANE POWER CELL Future of Lilliputian Systems Partnership with Intel to manufacture wafers Intel’s equity stake

CONCLUSION

SOURCES experts-say/ phones batteries/1 Supercapacitor-Could-Recharge-Gizmos/

SOURCES CONT. Winter, M.; Brodd, J. (2004). "What Are Batteries, Fuel Cells, and Supercapacitors?" (PDF). Chemical Review 104 (104): doi: /cr020730k. Retrieved "What Are Batteries, Fuel Cells, and Supercapacitors?"doi /cr020730k Toshiba ( ). "Toshiba to Launch Innovative Rechargeable Battery Business". Press release. Retrieved "Toshiba to Launch Innovative Rechargeable Battery Business"