October 23, 2001Database Management -- R. Larson SQL and Fourth Generation Languages (4GLs) University of California, Berkeley School of Information Management and Systems SIMS 257: Database Management

October 23, 2001Database Management -- R. Larson Review SQL and Oracle

October 23, 2001Database Management -- R. Larson SELECT Syntax: –SELECT [DISTINCT] attr1, attr2,…, attr3 as label, function(xxx), calculation, attr5, attr6 FROM relname1 r1, relname2 r2,… rel3 r3 WHERE condition1 {AND | OR} condition2 ORDER BY attr1 [DESC], attr3 [DESC]

October 23, 2001Database Management -- R. Larson CREATE SYNONYM CREATE SYNONYM newname FOR oldname; CREATE SYNONYM BIOLIFE for ray.BIOLIFE;

October 23, 2001Database Management -- R. Larson Create Table CREATE TABLE table-name (attr1 attr-type CONSTRAINT constr1 PRIMARY KEY, attr2 attr-type CONSTRAINT constr2 NOT NULL,…, attrM attr-type CONSTRAINT constref REFERENCES owner.tablename(attrname), attrN attr-type CONSTRAINT constrN CHECK (attrN = UPPER(attrN)); Adds a new table with the specified attributes (and types) to the database.

October 23, 2001Database Management -- R. Larson Alter Table ALTER TABLE table-name ADD COLUMN attr1 attr-type; ALTER TABLE table-name ADD COLUMN attr1 CONSTRAINT xxx constrainvalue; ALTER TABLE table-name MODIFY COLUMN attr1 optiontochange; … DROP COLUMN attr1; Adds a new column to an existing database table.

October 23, 2001Database Management -- R. Larson INSERT INSERT INTO table-name (attr1, attr4, attr5,…, attrK) VALUES (“val1”, val4, val5,…, “valK”); OR INSERT INTO table-name SELECT col1, col2, col3 as newcol2, col4 FROM xx, yy WHERE where-clause; Adds a new row(s) to a table.

October 23, 2001Database Management -- R. Larson DELETE DELETE FROM table-name WHERE ; Removes rows from a table.

October 23, 2001Database Management -- R. Larson UPDATE UPDATE tablename SET attr1=newval, attr2 = newval2 WHERE ; changes values in existing rows in a table (those that match the WHERE clause).

October 23, 2001Database Management -- R. Larson DROP Table DROP TABLE tablename; Removes a table from the database.

October 23, 2001Database Management -- R. Larson CREATE INDEX CREATE [ UNIQUE ] INDEX indexname ON tablename (attr1 [ASC|DESC][, attr2 [ASC|DESC],...]) Adds an index on the specified attributes to a table

October 23, 2001Database Management -- R. Larson Today More on ORACLE Fourth Generation Languages Use of 4GLs in application development

October 23, 2001Database Management -- R. Larson System Information In ORACLE Find all of the tables for a user –SELECT * FROM ALL_CATALOG WHERE OWNER = ‘userid’; –SELECT * FROM USER_CATALOG; (or CAT) Show the attributes and types of data for a particular table –DESCRIBE tablename;

October 23, 2001Database Management -- R. Larson Running commands Create file with SQL and SQLPlus commands in it. –Use a plain text editor and NOT a word processor (or save as text only) Give the file the extension.sql From inside SQLPlus type –START filename

October 23, 2001Database Management -- R. Larson Simple formatting in SQLPlus SET PAGESIZE 500 SET LINESIZE 79 PROMPT stuff to put out to screen TTITLE “title to put at top of results” COLUMN col_name HEADING “New Name”

October 23, 2001Database Management -- R. Larson Outputting results as a file… SPOOL filename Commands SPOOL STOP –File will be created with everything between the SPOOL commands

October 23, 2001Database Management -- R. Larson Fourth Generation Languages 1st Generation -- Machine Language 2nd Generation -- Assembly Languages 3rd Generation -- High-Level Languages 4th Generation -- Non-Procedural Languages 5th Generation -- ?? Knowledge-based ?? Natural Language ?? Where do Object-Oriented Languages fit??

October 23, 2001Database Management -- R. Larson Chauffeurs In the early days of the US car industry, production volumes were growing fast, and a well- known sociologist was asked to predict the total number of automobiles that would ever be manufactured. After a great deal of study, the sociologist reported that no more than 2 million would be manufactured in the life cycle of the car. If the car lasted ten years on average, the maximum annual production would never exceed 200,000. This conclusion was based on the much- researched figure that no more than 2 million people would be willing to serve as chauffeurs. From James Martin - Fourth Generation Languages

October 23, 2001Database Management -- R. Larson Fourth Generation Languages In the database environment these are used for creation of database applications To speed up the application building process To make applications easy and quick to change To minimize debugging problems To generate bug-free code from high-level expressions of requirement To make languages user-friendly so that “end-users” can solve their own problems and put computers to work.

October 23, 2001Database Management -- R. Larson Basic Principles of 4GLs The Principle of Minimum Work The Principle of Minimum Skill The Principle of avoiding alien syntax and mnemonics The Principle of Minimum Time The Principle of Minimum errors The Principle of Minumum Maintenance The Principle of Maximum Results From James Martin - Fourth Generation Languages

October 23, 2001Database Management -- R. Larson Properties of 4GLs User Friendly A nonprofessional programmer can obtain results with it It employs the database management system directly Programs for most applications can be created with 10 times fewer instructions than in a Third Generation Language

October 23, 2001Database Management -- R. Larson More Properties of 4GLs Non procedural code is used wherever possible It make intelligent default assumptions about what the user wants wherever possible It is designed for online operation It enforces or encourages structured code It makes it easy to understand and maintain another person’s code

October 23, 2001Database Management -- R. Larson More Properties of 4GLs Non-DP users can learn a subset of the language in a short course It is designed for easy debugging Prototypes can be created and modified quickly Results can be obtained in an order of magnitude less time than with a 3GL for most applications

October 23, 2001Database Management -- R. Larson Selection Criteria for 4GLs Is it intended for routine computing of ad hoc decision making Is it intended for end users or DP professionals? (many 4GLs are appropriate for both) Does it require the skills of a programmer, or can an analyst who does not program in a 3GL use it.

October 23, 2001Database Management -- R. Larson Selection Criteria for 4GLs Which of the following features does it provide? –Simple queries –Simple queries and updates –Complex queries –Complex queries and updates –The ability to create a database quickly –Intelligent database operations, where the change of one value in the database causes other operations to occur automatically, such as validity checks, cross references, and the updating of related values.

October 23, 2001Database Management -- R. Larson Selection Criteria for 4GLs Which of the following features does it provide?(cont) –Generation of data-entry screens for key-entry operators (with validity checks) –Generation of data-update screens for key-entry operators (with validity checks) –A procedural language giving full programming capability –Graphics techniques for application design –Spreadsheet manipulation –Multidimensional matrix manipulation –Report generation –Graphics generation

October 23, 2001Database Management -- R. Larson Selection Criteria for 4GLs Which of the following features does it provide?(cont) –Graphics manipulation –Decision support for what-if questions –Mathematical analysis tools –Financial analysis tools –Other decision-support tools –Text manipulation –Electronic Mailbox Is it on-line or off-line? Does it run on mainframes, minicomputers or personal computers? Can it access mainframe or remote databases Is it genuinely easy to use Can results be obtained with it very quickly?

October 23, 2001Database Management -- R. Larson Components of a 4GL for building routine applications Application Parameters Testing tools/debugger Interpreter Optimizing compiler Rules Specification Data Specification Report Specification Screen Specification Procedural facility Feedback

October 23, 2001Database Management -- R. Larson 5GLs -- Natural Language Possibilities Problems

October 23, 2001Database Management -- R. Larson Natural Language Advantages of using NL –It encourages untrained users to start –It encourages upper-management use of computers –It reduces the time taken learning complex syntax –It lessens the frustration, bewilderment and anger caused by BAD COMMAND responses –It is likely to extend greatly the usage of computers James Martin, Fourth Generation Languages, 1985

October 23, 2001Database Management -- R. Larson Natural Language It lacks precision It is not good for expressing precise and complex logic It is not good for expressing neat structures It encourages semantic overshoot It should be combined with other dialogue contructs that aid in the representation of precise logic and structures James Martin, Fourth Generation Languages, 1985 Disadvantages of using NL Appropriate response to the disadvantage

October 23, 2001Database Management -- R. Larson Natural Language It takes substantial time to key in sentences Ambiguities are possible Substantial processing is needed Sentences and words can be abbreviated Speech input as well as typed input will be used The computer should detect and resolve ambiguities The processing should be on PC workstations. Processing is dropping rapidly in cost. James Martin, Fourth Generation Languages, 1985 Disadvantages of using NL Appropriate response to the disadvantage

October 23, 2001Database Management -- R. Larson Next Time Database Administration