Volcanoes. The Volcanic Setting Subduction zones Rift valleys Hot spots.

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Presentation transcript:

Volcanoes

The Volcanic Setting Subduction zones Rift valleys Hot spots

Effusive gentle flows lots of lava Explosive viscous lava trapped gases shield volcanoes cinder cones plateau basalts composite volcanoes calderas Type of Eruption Landforms

Cinder cone Big Cinder Butte, Craters of the Moon, Idaho - forms small hills, less than 450 m high - black scoria rock with air bubbles

Shield volcano Mauna Loa, Hawaii Low viscosity magma Gases readily escape from this magma Effusive eruptions

Kilauea, Hawaii

Hot spot Seamounts

Plateau basalts

CONTINENTAL RIFT VALLEY

Photo of Rift Valley In East Africa

Composite volcano

Mount Pinatubo June, 1991

Shield/Composite Comparison

Mount St. Helens: the day before

Live Photo of Mt. St. Helens Four years later

Flooding (from steam-melted ice and snow)

Carbon dioxide (CO 2 : 250,000 ppm !) Hydrogen sulphide (H 2 S) Sulphur dioxide (SO 2 ) Hydrofluoric acid (HF) Chlorine (Cl) compounds

Four years later

Caldera Crater Lake, Oregon windblown ash landed in Calgary 6600 years ago

Volcanic hazards and effects hot ash (pyroclastics) steam and gas explosions lava flows poisonous gases (sulfuric acid; even CO 2 if at extreme concentrations) landslides tree blowdowns lahars (steam-melted ice and snow cause flooding and large mudflows) increase in atmospheric dust (decreased global temperatures in short term – increase in long term?)

Volcanic Benefits New fertile soils - Hawaii, Philippines Geothermal energy - Iceland, Italy, New Zealand New real estate - Iceland, Japan, Hawaii

Diamond-bearing Kimberlite Pipe