1 Lunar Structures Rutgers Symposium on Lunar Settlements Department of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering 4 June 2007

2 Harrison Schmitt Apollo 17

3 Arthur C. Clarke, 1951

4 In 1962, a lunar base study by John DeNike and Stanley Zahn was published in Aerospace Engineering. Their chosen location was a flat region on the moon that included the Sea of Tranquility (the Apollo 11 landing site).

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6 President Bush’s new vision for NASA plans to return astronauts to the Moon by The Chinese Chang’e program plans human missions to the Moon after The European Space Agency’s Aurora program intends to send humans to the Moon by New Space Programs

7 attract young Americans to engineering & science economic rewards manifest destiny science national security creating an epic vision for humanity Moon as a testbed safeguard the species Moon First !

8 areas of permanent sunlight solar cells can be made from local materials no atmosphere power beaming back to Earth Helium - 3 Energy Production

9 Mining

10 Tourism – Hilton Exterior Concept and picture courtesy Peter Inston

11 Tourism - Marriott

12 g Moon = 1.62 m / s² g Earth = 9.81 m / s² gravity is reduced by 5/6 A lunar structure has six times the weight bearing capacity as on Earth. Gravity Dust lock OTHER INTERESTING Moon-to-Earth RATIOS: Mass 1/81; Radius 1/3.7; Surface Area 1/13.5; Mean Density 1/1.65; Escape Velocity 1/4.7 Lunar Environment

13 can range from 34.5 kPa (5 psi) to kPa (14.7 psi) optimum is believed to be at 69 kPa (10 psi) enclosure structure must contain the pressure Internal Air Pressurization

14 protection from radiation and micrometeoroids insulation (temperature differentials of 250°C) regolith cover is most feasible at least 2.5 m m of regolith cover needed avg regolith mass is 1.7 g / cm³ dead load results to 8.3 kPa (1.2 psi) Shielding

15 Additional Critical Environment Factors Regolith dust: very small particles that are easily electrostatically charged, easily suspended and displaced, are abrasive, and attach to everything Moonquakes: Order of magnitude ~ 5 Richter, can last 10 minutes vs. 2 min max on Earth

16 first generation: pre-fabricated and pre-outfitted modules like the ones for the ISS Concepts

17 Cylinder Modules

18 Courtesy Orbital Sciences

19 Structural Concepts second generation: locally assembled structures after a certain presence on the Moon has been established third generation: structures exclusively made from local materials

20 A Spherical Inflatable Concept and picture courtesy M. Roberts (NASA)

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22 Rover Bases

23 Structural Analysis and Design of the RUTGERS lunar base Ruess, Schänzlin, Benaroya, Structural Design of a Lunar Habitat, Journal of Aerospace Engineering, Vol. 19, No. 3, July 1, ©ASCE,

24 Proposed Design: A Tied-Arch Shell Structure Concept and picture by F. Ruess and H. Benaroya

25 Structural Analysis Additional calculation parameters: rise: 5 m regolith modulus of subgrade reaction: 1000 kPa / m global safety factor applied: 5

26 Structural Analysis

27 Cross Sections: Summary cross section Type 4 is most efficient material: high-strength aluminum arch mass: 31 kg / m² average floor mass: 118 kg / m² max. deflections for operational loads are about 5 cm

28 Hinged Connections: Variant 2 Concept: Jörg Schänzlin

29 The Construction Sequence

30 Base Layout

31 FIRST LUNAR BASE BABAKIN CORPORATION’S CONCEPTION Russian Concepts courtesy V. Shevchenko

32 LUNAR OUTPOST

33 MANNED LUNAR BASE ENERGIA-STERNBERG PROJECT BASE 2050: Residential Zone in Crater, General View

34 MANNED BASE IN CRATER ENERGIA – STERNBERG PROJECT PLAN VIEW 1.Inhabited modules 2.General purposes 3.Clean facilities 4.Kitchens 5.Adaptation & Rehabilitation 6.Medical facilities 7.Control center 8.Maintenance 9.Communications 10.Labs

35 Cross-section View

36 MANNED BASE IN LAVA TUBE. ENERGIA-STERNBERG PROJECT 1.Residential (200 people) 2.Manufacturing 3.Control 4.Launch complex 5.Technical 6.Warehouses 7.Power systems 8.Shelters 9.Roads Base mostly in lava tubes for protection.

37 On To Mars

38 Mars Habitat

39 Next Generation Issues Ownership Balance economic development with safeguarding the environment Democratic Principles New generations will have new physiology and new psychology New generations will have new loyalties Independence

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41 Thank you ! Questions ?