“Demography is the study of population” (p. 335).

Demography is concerned with four characteristics of human populations: size, distribution, structure, and change.

Size is simply the number of units (persons) in the population.

Distribution refers to the arrangement of the population in space at a given time, geographically or among types of residential areas.

Structure, in its narrowest sense, is the distribution of the population among its sex and age groupings. (example: population pyramids)example: population pyramids

Change is the growth or decline of the total population or of one of its structural units.

There are three general types of change: birth, death, and migration (in- or out-).

Crude Birth Rate is number of births per 1,000 persons. Crude Death Rate is number of deaths per 1,000 persons (p. 336). Fertility is the incidence of childbearing, mortality is the incidence of death (p. 335)

The “demographic transition is the “process of moving from the traditional balance of high birth- and deathrates to a new balance of low birth- and deathrates” (p. 337): STAGE 1: HIGH BIRTH RATES – HIGH DEATH RATES = STABLE POPULATION STAGE 2: HIGH BIRTH RATES – LOW DEATH RATES = RAPIDLY GROWING POPULATION STAGE 3: LOW BIRTH RATES – LOW DEATH RATES = STABLE POPULATION

“Urbanization is the process of population concentration in metropolitan areas” (p. 348). “Urbanism is a distinctly urban mode of life that is developed in cities but not confined there” (Brinkerhoff, 6 th Edition, p. 394).

“Gemeinschaft refers to society characterized by the personal and permanent ties associated with primary groups; gesellschaft refers to society characterized by the impersonal and instrumental ties associated with secondary groups” (p. 354).