Chapter 8 Information Systems and Database Management Systems 國立聯合大學 電子工程學系 蕭裕弘

國立聯合大學電子工程學系 – 計算機概論 – 蕭裕弘 Chapter 8: Page 2 / 24 Chapter Goals  介紹一些企業常用的資訊系統  介紹資訊系統的的開發過程  介紹資料庫管理系統的內涵與 特性  介紹一些資料庫的應用

國立聯合大學電子工程學系 – 計算機概論 – 蕭裕弘 Chapter 8: Page 3 / Introduction  An information system is comprised of all the components that collect, manipulate, and disseminate data or information.  It usually includes hardware, software, people, communica- tion systems, and the data itself.  The activities involved include inputting data, processing of data into information, storage of data and information, and the production of outputs such as management reports.

國立聯合大學電子工程學系 – 計算機概論 – 蕭裕弘 Chapter 8: Page 4 / 24 Database Management Systems  A database is an information set with a regular structure. Its front-end allows data access, searching and sorting routines. Its back-end affords data inputting and updating.  A database management system (DBMS) is a computer program designed to manage a database and run operations on the data requested by numerous users. Users/Programmers Application Programs/Queries Software to process queries/programs Software to access stored data Stored database Definition (Meta-data) Stored database DBMS

國立聯合大學電子工程學系 – 計算機概論 – 蕭裕弘 Chapter 8: Page 5 / Types of Information Systems  Office automation systems  Transaction processing systems  Management information systems (MIS)  Decision support systems (DDS)  Enterprise resource planning systems  Design and manufacturing systems  Geographic information systems (GIS)  Artificial intelligence systems

國立聯合大學電子工程學系 – 計算機概論 – 蕭裕弘 Chapter 8: Page 6 / 24 Office Automation Systems  These combinations of hardware, software, and other resources used to facilitate communications and enhance productivity are collectively referred to as office automatic systems. Document-processing systems  Paperless office Communication systems   Faxing  Video conferencing  Workgroup computing ...

國立聯合大學電子工程學系 – 計算機概論 – 蕭裕弘 Chapter 8: Page 7 / 24 Transaction Processing Systems  Transaction processing systems are information system applications that capture and process data about business transactions.  Transaction processing is the unambiguous and independent execution of a set of operations on data in a relational database, which treats that set of actions as a single event. If any part of the transaction process fails, the entire transaction fails and all participating resources are rolled back to their previous state.

國立聯合大學電子工程學系 – 計算機概論 – 蕭裕弘 Chapter 8: Page 8 / 24 Management Information Systems  Management information systems, sometimes called information reporting systems, evolved from transaction processing systems.  A MIS is a set of software tools that enables manager to gather, organize, and evaluate informa- tion about a workgroup, a depart- ment, or an entire organization.

國立聯合大學電子工程學系 – 計算機概論 – 蕭裕弘 Chapter 8: Page 9 / 24 Decision Support Systems  Decision support systems are a class of computerized information systems that support decision making activities. Government Customers and suppliers Competition and global market Decision support system External data sources Query, model, and analysis results Interaction Manager or staff specialist

國立聯合大學電子工程學系 – 計算機概論 – 蕭裕弘 Chapter 8: Page 10 / 24 Enterprise Resource Planning Systems  Enterprise resource planning systems (ERP) are management information systems that integrate and automate many of the business practices associated with the operations or production aspects of a company.  These typically include manufacturing, logistics, distribution, inventory, shipping, invoicing, and accounting.  ERP software can aid in the control of many business activities, like sales, delivery, billing, production, inventory management, and human resource management systems.

國立聯合大學電子工程學系 – 計算機概論 – 蕭裕弘 Chapter 8: Page 11 / 24 Design and Manufacturing Systems  Computers are widely used in organizational systems to improve productivity at the design stage and at the manufacturing stage. Computer-aided design (CAD) Computer-aided manufacturing (CAM)

國立聯合大學電子工程學系 – 計算機概論 – 蕭裕弘 Chapter 8: Page 12 / 24 Geographic Information Systems  A geographic information system (GIS) is a computer system for capturing, storing, checking, integrating, manipulating, analyzing and displaying data related to positions on the Earth's surface.  Typically, a GIS is used for handling maps of one kind or another. These might be represented as several different layers where each layer holds data about a particular kind of feature (e.g. roads). Each feature is linked to a position on the graphical image of a map.  The global positioning system (GPS), is an intermediate circular orbit satellite navigation system used for determining one's precise location and providing a highly accurate time reference almost anywhere on Earth.

國立聯合大學電子工程學系 – 計算機概論 – 蕭裕弘 Chapter 8: Page 13 / 24 Artificial Intelligence Systems  A computer can perform work at extremely fast speeds. It can also be programmed with a set of rules or guidelines, thereby enabling it to draw certain types of conclusions based on the input it receives.  When computer systems combine these two abilities to perform in ways that would be considered intelligent if observed in humans, it is commonly referred to as artificial intelligence (AI).  Systems that use artificial intelligence are called artificial intelligence systems.  Four main types of artificial intelligence systems: Expert systems Natural language systems Neural network systems Robotics

國立聯合大學電子工程學系 – 計算機概論 – 蕭裕弘 Chapter 8: Page 14 / System Development Life Cycle  System development life cycle, or SDLC, is the process of developing information systems through investigation, analysis, design, implementation and maintenance. Preliminary investigation System analysis System design System acquisition System implementation System maintenance

國立聯合大學電子工程學系 – 計算機概論 – 蕭裕弘 Chapter 8: Page 15 / 24 Issues to Cover during System Design Stage  Output considerations Who are the system users and what types of information do they need? How often is this information needed? Annually? Monthly? Daily? On demand? What output devices and storage media are necessary to provide the required information? How should output be formatted or arranged so that it can easily be understood by users?  Input considerations What data need to be gathered and who will gather them? How often do data need to be gathered? What input devices and media are required for data collection and input?  Storage considerations How will data be accessed and organized? What storage capacity is required? How fast must data be accessed? What storage devices are appropriate?

國立聯合大學電子工程學系 – 計算機概論 – 蕭裕弘 Chapter 8: Page 16 / 24 Issues to Cover during System Design Stage  Processing considerations What type of functionality is required in the software? What type of processing power is required? A mainframe? A minicomputer? A microcomputer? What special processing environments must be considered? A communication network? A database processing environment?  System controls What measures must be taken to ensure that data are secure from unauthorized use, theft, and natural disasters? What measures must be taken to ensure the accuracy and integrity of data going in and information going out? What measures must be taken to ensure the privacy of individuals represented by the data?  Personnel and procedures What personnel are needed to run the system? What procedures should be followed on the job?

國立聯合大學電子工程學系 – 計算機概論 – 蕭裕弘 Chapter 8: Page 17 / 24 Prototyping  To avoid the potential problem of a system being incompatible with the system user, instead of developing the entire system before users ever lay their hands on it, many system analysts have advocated prototyping. Identify user requirement Develop initial prototype Implement and use prototype Refine and enhance prototype Requirements Initial prototype Feedback Improved prototype

國立聯合大學電子工程學系 – 計算機概論 – 蕭裕弘 Chapter 8: Page 18 / What is Database?  A database is a collection of related data that is stored and organized in a manner enabling information to be retrieved from the database as needed.  A database management system (DBMS) can be an extremely complex set of software programs that controls the organization, storage and retrieval of data (fields, records and files) in a database. The DBMS also controls the security and integrity of the database. The DBMS accepts requests for data from the application program and instructs the operating system to transfer the appropriate data. Hardware Operating system DBMS Applications or users

國立聯合大學電子工程學系 – 計算機概論 – 蕭裕弘 Chapter 8: Page 19 / 24 Database Environment Users DBMS Retrieval/ update facility Programming language facility Application programs Database Utility programs

國立聯合大學電子工程學系 – 計算機概論 – 蕭裕弘 Chapter 8: Page 20 / 24 Adv. and Disadv. of the Database Approach  Advantages Better information. Faster response time. Lower operating cost. Lower storage requirements. Improved data integrity. Better data management.  Disadvantages Higher cost of software. New hardware. Higher training costs. Increased vulnerability.

國立聯合大學電子工程學系 – 計算機概論 – 蕭裕弘 Chapter 8: Page 21 / 24 Relational DBMS  In a relational DBMS (RDBMS), the data items and the relationships among them are organized into tables: A table is a collection of records. A record is a collection of related fields. Each field of a database table contains a single data value. Each record in a table contains the same fields. 座號姓名性別 1 王小美女 2 柯南男 3 葉大雄男 座號國文成績 學生資料表格學生資料表格 國文成績表格國文成績表格

國立聯合大學電子工程學系 – 計算機概論 – 蕭裕弘 Chapter 8: Page 22 / 24 Structured Query Language  Structured query language (SQL) is the most popular computer language used with relational databases. Technically, SQL is a declarative programming language. SELECT 姓名 FROM 學生資料表格 SELECT 姓名 FROM 學生資料表格 WHERE 座號 = 2 SELECT 姓名, 國文成績 FROM 學生資料表格, 國文成績表格 WHERE 座號 = 2 ORDER BY 國文成績 INSERT INTO 學生資料表格 VALUES (4, ‘ 李大同 ’, ‘ 男 ’) INSERT INTO 國文成績表格 VALUES (4, 60)

國立聯合大學電子工程學系 – 計算機概論 – 蕭裕弘 Chapter 8: Page 23 / 24 Databases and the Web  Databases are extremely common on the web.  Examples of web databases in use: Information retrieval E-commerce and e-business Dynamic web pages  The most common applications involve client-server database transactions, where the user’s browser is the client software. User Web server Database server Web 資料庫應用 線上範例

國立聯合大學電子工程學系 – 計算機概論 – 蕭裕弘 Chapter 8: Page 24 / 24 Commonly Used DBMS  Proprietary software Oracle - Oracle Sybase - Sybase DB2 - IBM Informix - IBM Microsoft SQL Server Microsoft Access...  Freeware MySQL PostgreSQL...