Action Potential Currents, gates, threshold events, propagation Synapse Pre and postsynaptic channel gating, vesicle release Postsynaptic Events Ionotropic and metabotropic systems, Second messenger systems, amplification Olfaction Anatomy, pathways, neurons in epithelium and bulb Transduction events Vision: Retina Receptive fields, pathways, ON and OFF layering, forms of retinal output Vision: Cortex Pathways, receptive field types, architecture, cortical module Audition Anatomy, cochlea dynamics, hair cells, transduction, pathways Muscle Structure, contractile mechanisms, reflexes Invertebrate Memory Habituation, sensitization, classical conditioning Vertebrate Memory LTD in cerebellum LTD and LTP in hippocampus

Nernst Relation E = mV log10 [ion] out/ [ion]in Lets call it 60 mV

Light Interrupts Current Flow along Rod

Visual Cortex Anatomy and Pathways Physiology and Receptive Fields Architecture and Hierarchical Organization

Retinotopic Mapping

Layers in the Colliculus

Three Pathways to Cortex

Ocular Dominance Columns

Dorsal Root Ganglia

Somatosensory S1, areas 1, 2, 3a, 3b

Columnar Organization of S1

Somatic Mapping to Cortex

Missing Finger

Whiskers and Barrels

Muscle fibers, motor pools, innervations Muscle Fibers

The Motor Unit,

Ventral Spinal Roots Dorsal Root

Motor Neuron Pool

Inputs to Alpha Motor Neuron

Sarcolemma encases muscle fiber Sarcoplasmic reticulum stores Ca++ Sarcomere is the elementary motor unit Sarcolemma Sarcoplasmic ReticulumSarcomere

Neocortical Areas Premotor PMA Proximal Motor Units Supplementary SMA Distal Motor units From S 3,1 and 2 From MT What Actions Rehearse How Area 6: What actions are desired to How actions are carried out. Volition

Somatotopic Map of Precentral Gyrus

Motor Map Sensory Map

Cortex, basal ganglia, thalamus Loop Ventral Lateral Nucleus of the Thalamus Loop: Selection and Initiation of willed movements Cortex>Striatum>Globus Pallidus>VLo>Cortex

Cerebellum Motor Loop Planned, voluntary, multi-joint movement. Instructs the primary motor cortex about movement direction, timing, and force. Predictions about ballistic movements Compares what is intended with what happened to modify cerebellar circuits

Each Cell has a Unique Personality

Sensory-Motor Circuit

Dishabituation Circuit

Sensitization

Reduce K + Channels: Increase Time for Ca ++ Influx, Increased Transmitter Release More Transmitter Release Less Potassium Conductance Prolonged Action Potential

Coincident Inputs

Summary Learning and Memory can result from modifications of synaptic transmission (less Ca ++ conductance, less K + conductance) Synaptic modifications can be triggered by conversion of neural activity into intracellular messengers (cAMP, Ca ++ ) Memories can result from alterations of existing synaptic proteins (phosphorylation, protein synthesis)

Long Term Depression in Cerebellum Purkinje Cell Response To Parallel Fiber Stimulation Stimulate Parallel Fibers Stimulate Climbing Fibers Pairing Climbing fiber and Parallel fiber Stimulation