Introduction to English Linguistics

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Introduction to English Linguistics 2017/4/17 Introduction to English Linguistics 英語語言學概論 BBI050 Thu. 10:25-12:30 (M208) Week 17 BBC004-Introduction to English Linguistics A.Okamoto

Phonetics and Phonology 2017/4/17 Review Phonetics and Phonology BBC004-Introduction to English Linguistics A.Okamoto

2017/4/17 Are you clear about .. Place and manner of articulation of consonants and Vowels? Natural classes? Phoneme and allophones? Minimal pair and complementary distribution? Phonological rules? BBC004-Introduction to English Linguistics A.Okamoto

Place of Articulation (where?) 2017/4/17 Place of Articulation (where?)  Consonants are classified according to where in the vocal tract the airflow restrictions occur.(p.227-228) Bilabials [p] [b] [m] Labiodentals [f] [v] Interdentals [θ] [ð] Alveolars [t] [d] [n] [s] [z] [l] [r] Palatals [ʃ] [ʒ] [tʃ] [dʒ] [ j ] Velars [k] [g] [ŋ] Uvulars [ʀ] [q] [ɢ] Glottals [h] [ʔ] Sound of American English BBC004-Introduction to English Linguistics A.Okamoto

Manner of Articulation (How?) 2017/4/17 Manner of Articulation (How?) Stops [p] [b] [m] [t] [d] [n] [k] [g] [ŋ] [ʔ] Fricatives [f] [v] [θ] [ð] [s] [z] [ ʃ ] [ʒ] [h] [x] [ɣ] Affricates [tʃ ] [dʒ] Liquids [ l ] [r] ([ɹ]) Glides [ j ] [w] (Approximants [ j ] [w] [ l ] [r]) Trills & flaps [ɾ] (alveolar flap), [ʀ] (uvular trill) [r] (alveolar trill) Clicks [ʘ](bilabial) [ǀ](dental) [ǃ](alveolar) Xhosa song Zulu (p.232-236) BBC004-Introduction to English Linguistics A.Okamoto

The vowels (monophthongs) of English (p.239) 2017/4/17 The vowels (monophthongs) of English (p.239) BBC004-Introduction to English Linguistics A.Okamoto

2017/4/17 BBC004-Introduction to English Linguistics A.Okamoto

Consonants- 3 parts description 2017/4/17 Consonants- 3 parts description [d]- voiced alveolar stop [r] - [h] - [j] - [ʔ] - BBC004-Introduction to English Linguistics A.Okamoto

Major natural classes of English (p.241) 2017/4/17 Major natural classes of English (p.241) p t d k g ð s z ʒ ʃ tʃ dʒ BBC004-Introduction to English Linguistics A.Okamoto

Natural classes Voiced sibilants? Bilabial obstruents? 2017/4/17 Natural classes Voiced sibilants? Bilabial obstruents? Palatal sonorants? BBC004-Introduction to English Linguistics A.Okamoto

Phonological analysis exercise 2017/4/17 Phonological analysis exercise BBC004-Introduction to English Linguistics A.Okamoto

Distribution of phonemes （p.262) (Minimal Pairs analysis) 2017/4/17 Distribution of phonemes （p.262) (Minimal Pairs analysis) How many vowel phonemes does English have? 11 monophthong vowels + 3 diphthong vowels b_t beat [bit] [i] boot [but] [u] bit [bɪt] [ɪ] but [bʌt] [ʌ] bait [bet] [e] boat [bot] [o] bet [bɛt] [ɛ] bought [bɔt] [ɔ] bat [bæt] [æ] bout [bawt] [aw] bite [bajt] [aj] bot [bat] [a] b_k book [bʊk] [ʊ] beak [bik] b_y boy [boj] [oj] buy [baj] BBC004-Introduction to English Linguistics A.Okamoto

Distribution of Allophones （p.261,264) (Complementary distribution) 2017/4/17 Distribution of Allophones （p.261,264) (Complementary distribution) Where are English vowels nasalized?  The sounds that do not contrast meaning never occur in the same phonetic environment – particular allophones are determined by where they occur. Predicable Table.7.1 Nasal and Oral Vowels: Words and Nonwords Words Nonwords be [bi] bead [bid] bean [bi ̃̃n] *[bi ̃̃] *[bi ̃d] *[bim] lay [le] lace [les] lame [lẽ̃m] *[lẽ̃] *[lẽ̃s] *[lem] baa [bæ] bad [bæd] bang [bæ̃ŋ] *[bæ̃] *[bæ̃d] *[bæŋ] Table 7.2 Distribution of Oral and Nasal Vowels in English Syllables In Final position Before Oral consonants Before Nasal consonants Oral vowels Yes No Nasal vowels BBC004-Introduction to English Linguistics A.Okamoto

Summary Phonemes /i/ Allophones Contrastive distribution 2017/4/17 Summary Phonemes /i/ Contrastive distribution non-predictable [　i ̃̃ ] [ i ] before nasal consonants Elsewhere Allophones Complementally distribution (It often indicates that two superficially different speech sounds are in fact the same phoneme)  predictable from the phonetic environment No minimal Pairs Minimal Pairs BBC004-Introduction to English Linguistics A.Okamoto

2017/4/17 BBC004-Introduction to English Linguistics A.Okamoto

2017/4/17 BBC004-Introduction to English Linguistics A.Okamoto

2017/4/17 BBC004-Introduction to English Linguistics A.Okamoto

2017/4/17 BBC004-Introduction to English Linguistics A.Okamoto

2017/4/17 BBC004-Introduction to English Linguistics A.Okamoto