Self Learning, Independent Learner, Life-time learning: Scaffolding Development of Advanced Reading Skills Cynthia Lin: General English Program Cynthia Lin: General English Program Holistic Education Center Fu-Jen University

Cognitive Skills It ’ s a mental process to integrate and It ’ s a mental process to integrate and internalize information. internalize information. It ’ s more than familiarity and retention. It ’ s more than familiarity and retention. It does not concern rote learning. It does not concern rote learning. It ’ s about how information is processed and It ’ s about how information is processed and used in appropriate context. used in appropriate context.

Memorize, Analyze, Compare, Memorize, Analyze, Compare, Discriminate, Planning, Decide, Discriminate, Planning, Decide, Evaluate, Grouping, Infer, Elaborate Evaluate, Grouping, Infer, Elaborate Types of Cognitive Skills to Literacy Ability Types of Cognitive Skills to Literacy Ability

Scaffolding Reading Strategies Scaffolding Reading Strategies I. Identify Key Words I. Identify Key Words a. Discriminate a. Discriminate b. Decide b. Decide c. Grouping c. Grouping d. Infer d. Infer

Scaffolding Reading Strategies Scaffolding Reading Strategies II. Formulate a Concept Map or II. Formulate a Concept Map or Outline Outline a. Grouping a. Grouping b. Planning b. Planning c. Analyzing c. Analyzing

Scaffolding Reading Strategies Scaffolding Reading Strategies III. Summary : Oral or Written Report III. Summary : Oral or Written Report a. Analyze a. Analyze b. Compare b. Compare c. Evaluate c. Evaluate d. Infer d. Infer e. Elaborate e. Elaborate

Student ’ s Written Report from Their Reading

Student ’ s Oral Report from Their Reading

Exercise: Outline 1.1 Paragraph 4: Environmentalists ’ attitude Paragraph 4: Environmentalists ’ attitude Topic Sentence: Topic Sentence: Eco-tourism was first started by ________ and promoted now by _______. There are two reasons for this promotion. Eco-tourism was first started by ________ and promoted now by _______. There are two reasons for this promotion. Reason 1: Reason 1: Traditional tourists were a growing _______ but now eco-tourists are ______. Traditional tourists were a growing _______ but now eco-tourists are ______. A threat - Tourists were _______________ types. A threat - Tourists were _______________ types.

Exercise: Outline 1.2 B. Welcomed now B. Welcomed now _______________ nature _______________ nature Enjoy ________and ________ local people Enjoy ________and ________ local people Reason 2: Reason 2: Environmentalist are _________ the battle and willing to Environmentalist are _________ the battle and willing to try anything to ________the forests. try anything to ________the forests.

Exercise: Outline 1:3 Every 10 acres of trees are ______, only one new acre ________. Several attempts to _________ destruction Every 10 acres of trees are ______, only one new acre ________. Several attempts to _________ destruction Train farmers _________ but plant trees. Train farmers _________ but plant trees. Encourage _________ which brings in money overnight. Encourage _________ which brings in money overnight. Guarantee _________ of the whole park system Guarantee _________ of the whole park system Negative effect still on __________ when opening parks Negative effect still on __________ when opening parks

Multiple Choice Test vs. Report 1. MC Questions 1. MC Questions 2. Standard Answers 2. Standard Answers 3. Basic Language Knowledge 3. Basic Language Knowledge via Memorization via Memorization

Summary and Report Cognitive Skills Cognitive Skills 1. Meaning in context 1. Meaning in context 2. Grammar review and 2. Grammar review and sentence writing sentence writing 3. Idea development and 3. Idea development and organization organization 4. Coherence and cohesion 4. Coherence and cohesion

Strength in English Study 1. Multiple Choice Tests 59.8% 2. Good Memory of Spelling and Idioms 38.6% 3. English Conversation 31.5% 4. Familiarity with Grammatical Rules 28.3% 5. Opinion Expression 23.6% 6. English Composition 11.8%

英文能力優勢

Preferred Way to Study English Express opinions about an issue 37% Express opinions about an issue 37% Think logically in English 26% Think logically in English 26% Translation 25.2 Translation 25.2 Rote learning 10.2% Rote learning 10.2%

喜歡的英文學習方式

Cognitive Skills Employed in English Study 1. Memorizing 68.5 % 2. Analyze 53.5 % 3. Compare 25.2 % 4. Elaborate 25.2 % 5. Grouping 18.1 % 6. Evaluate 17.3 % 7. Discriminate 15.7 % 8. Decide 14.2 % 9. Planning 12.6 % 10. Infer 11.0 %

認知學習英文的方式

Findings and Suggestions 1. Students are aware of cognitive skills and strategies. 1. Students are aware of cognitive skills and strategies. 2. Students are aware of the importance 2. Students are aware of the importance of cognitive learning. of cognitive learning. 3. Cognitive learning leads to effective and 3. Cognitive learning leads to effective and meaningful learning. meaningful learning. 4. Cognitive learning builds up students ’ confidence 4. Cognitive learning builds up students ’ confidence and sense of achievement. and sense of achievement. 5. In addition to standardized tests, provide 5. In addition to standardized tests, provide more opportunities to application such as written more opportunities to application such as written or oral report. or oral report. 6. Use multi-media material such as sound and images 6. Use multi-media material such as sound and images to trigger students ’ cognitive abilities. to trigger students ’ cognitive abilities.