Community Ecology. Communities A lose-lose interaction (-/-) Competition.

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Presentation transcript:

Community Ecology

Communities

A lose-lose interaction (-/-) Competition

Interspecific Competition

intraspecific

Competition Georgii F. Gause ( ) Experimental demonstration of competition

Paramecium Gause’s Experiments

Competition is (-/-)

Competition Barnacles

Competition

Resource Partitioning

Similar or closely related species divide up resources and avoid competition (-/-) Resource Partitioning

A Sonoran Desert Stream Aravaipa Canyon (Graham-Pinal Co., Arizona) Competition – example with conservation implications

Meda fulgida (spike dace) Tiaroga cobitis (loach minnow) Rhinichthys osculus (speckled dace) Native Aravaipa Creek Fishes endangered

A non-native, introduced competitor. The Problem – an introduced species Cyprinella lutrensis (red shiner)

Habitat

Habitat vs. Niche

Very narrow dietary niche Koala Bear (Phascolarctos cinereus)

Very broad dietary niche Racoon (Procyon lotor)

Niche

Predation (+/-)

Predation Herbivory

Predation

Plant defenses

Plant Physical Defenses

Coffee Plant defenses: Secondary Compounds

Poison Ivy

Secondary Compounds Willows

Pacific Yew Secondary Compounds Taxol

Secondary compounds

Monarch butterfly and Milkweed

Animal defenses Monarch butterfly and bluejay

Dendrobatid Frogs (poison dart frogs)

Crypsis

Countershading

Disruptive Coloration

HMS Shannon Disruptive Coloration (also called dazzle camouflage)

Pattern Recognition

Reduce visibility of eyes

Startle Displays

Eye spots

Warning coloration

Batesian Mimicry

Mullerian Mimicry

Mimicry – Startle display

Aggressive mimicry

Cleaning symbiosis Aggressive mimicry

Mimicry and sexual deception

Symbiosis

Coevolution

Commensalism (0/+)

Mutualism (+/+)

Parasitism (+/-)

Ectoparasites

Parasitism (+/-) Ectoparastic plant

Parasitism (+/-) Endoparasites

Parasitism (+/-) Brood parasite

Parasitoids

Food Webs Food Chains

Keystone species Keystone predator

Beaver Castor canadensis Keystone species

Pisaster ochrachus Keystone predator

Pisaster

Purple sea urchins mussels Food for Pisaster

Ecological Succession

First year Five years Hutchison Memorial Forest, NJ Old Field Succession

10 years 20 years Old Field Succession

28 years Old Field Succession

Climax community (undisturbed) Disturbed community (post-logging) Succession Coastal forests, Oregon

Succession can occur in places of limited disturbance. Succession

Climax Community, near Tombstone, Arizona Succession

Fort Union, New Mexico, ca Succession

Fort Union, New Mexico, ca Fort closed and abandoned in 1867 Succession

Some ecosystems undergo succession very slowly Succession Fort Union, New Mexico, ca. 1970

Succession Some ecosystems have very limited ability to undergo succession. Tropical rainforest, Phillipines

Krakatua Island Catastrophic eruption in 1883 Succession underway Succession

Mount St Helens Succession

Mount St Helens