Slide 1 Evolution of Warfare Limited Warfare in the Age of Monarchs Major Carlos Rascon

Slide 2 Learning Objectives Comprehend and explain the resurrection of mobility and offensive by Marlborough Comprehend and explain the resurrection of mobility and offensive by Marlborough Know and trace the emergence of limited war, international law, and tight professional armies of Kings Know and trace the emergence of limited war, international law, and tight professional armies of Kings

Slide 3 Learning Objectives (cont) Know and describe the strategy, tactics, and means of limited warfare Know and describe the strategy, tactics, and means of limited warfare Comprehend and explain the emergence of Great Britain as the dominant maritime and colonial power by the end of the 18 th century Comprehend and explain the emergence of Great Britain as the dominant maritime and colonial power by the end of the 18 th century

Slide 4 Introduction Reaction to 30 Years War Reaction to 30 Years War Mobility and Offense Mobility and Offense International Law International Law

Slide 5 Introduction (cont) Limited War Limited War –Nature of armies –Discipline –Objectives of Limited War

Slide 6 Introduction (cont) Conduct of Limited War Conduct of Limited War –Strategy –Tactics –Means

Slide 7 Frederick War of Austrian Succession War of Austrian Succession –Frederick II of Prussia Made demands on Austrian throne (Maria Theresa) that were refused –France, Prussia & Spain vs. Austria & England –England Provided Money only, & took advantage of French Preoccupation to seize territory in New World & India

Slide 8 Frederick (cont) Seven Years’ War ( ) Seven Years’ War ( ) –To counter Prussia’s growing power, Austria, France, Russia and Sweden join forces –England (already in colonial & maritime war w/ France) aided by Prussia with money

Slide 9 Seven Years’ War

Slide 10 Seven Years’ War (cont) Frederick’s position, attitude & strategy: Frederick’s position, attitude & strategy: –Too many enemies to wait for coordinated attack –Advantage of interior lines, move fast and strike hard at one enemy at a time –Relied on discipline and training to defeat more numerous enemies

Slide 11 Seven Years’ War (cont) Objective: destruction of forces of enemy, not just occupation or defense of territory Objective: destruction of forces of enemy, not just occupation or defense of territory Military power out of proportion to size/wealth Military power out of proportion to size/wealth Officer Corps: Junkers/poor nobility, professional, dedicated (Compared to French Nobility) Officer Corps: Junkers/poor nobility, professional, dedicated (Compared to French Nobility)

Slide 12 Battle of Leuthen (Dec 1757) Austrian Army (80,000) in 5-mile long line Austrian Army (80,000) in 5-mile long line –Hilly country –Right flank on marsh –Reserves behind partially entrenched left wing –Anticipating Frederick would envelop on left

Slide 13 Battle of Leuthen (cont) Frederick moved forward with 36,000 troops Frederick moved forward with 36,000 troops –Hidden by hills –Changed direction obliquely to right –Left small force for demonstration on Austrian right

Slide 14 Battle of Leuthen (cont) Austrian reserves move to support the apparently threatened right flank Austrian reserves move to support the apparently threatened right flank Frederick attacked Austrian left in two lanes echeloned from right Frederick attacked Austrian left in two lanes echeloned from right Local superiority (4 to 1) + each battalion added firepower of 7-pound guns Local superiority (4 to 1) + each battalion added firepower of 7-pound guns

Slide 15 Battle of Leuthen (cont) Frederick captured 20,000 prisoners, 115 guns, and killed or wounded 6,800 Frederick captured 20,000 prisoners, 115 guns, and killed or wounded 6,800 Frederick lost 6,200 Frederick lost 6,200

Slide 16 Battle of Leuthen (cont)

Slide 17 Frederick “Oblique Order” “Oblique Order” –From of “Manoevre” –Parade ground formula for victory Drill was a means to an end, not just traditionDrill was a means to an end, not just tradition

Slide 18 Prague (1757)

Slide 19 Results Politically Politically Militarily Militarily Laid foundation for a united Germany Laid foundation for a united Germany Royal Navy Royal Navy

Slide 20 Use of Artillery Pioneered indirect fire with high trajectory of howitzer Pioneered indirect fire with high trajectory of howitzer Cavalry artillery vice horsedrawn artillery Cavalry artillery vice horsedrawn artillery –Everyone on horse back to keep up with fast moving cavalry –Canister, Shell, Grapeshot

Slide 21 Emergence of Great Britain Spanish Armada Spanish Armada Cardinal Richelieu’s fleet Cardinal Richelieu’s fleet Anglo-Dutch Wars Anglo-Dutch Wars –1647 Britain Victorious –“Line ahead” Video 8min Galleons Video 8min Galleons

Slide 22 Emergence of Great Britain (cont) France defeated at sea France defeated at sea –War of Spanish Succession –Mahan “She was the sea power” Solidification Solidification –Colonial Empire –Seven Years’ War

Slide 23 Mas Reveries Mas Reveries (French development in military thought) Mas Reveries (French development in military thought) –Marshall Maurice de Saxe –Mas Reveries –Ideas

Slide 24 Summary

Slide 25 Questions

Slide 26 Next session Learning Objectives Comprehend and contrast/compare the expressions “strategy of attrition” and “partisan warfare,” and apply them to the American Revolution Comprehend and contrast/compare the expressions “strategy of attrition” and “partisan warfare,” and apply them to the American Revolution Know and discuss British and American strategy and objectives, and note how they changed during the course of the American Revolution Know and discuss British and American strategy and objectives, and note how they changed during the course of the American Revolution

Slide 27 Learning Objectives (cont) Comprehend and contrast the Continental Army with the professional armies of the 18 th century and show how this difference dictated Washington’s strategy Comprehend and contrast the Continental Army with the professional armies of the 18 th century and show how this difference dictated Washington’s strategy Comprehend and explain how French intervention tipped the balance in favor of America in the War of Independence Comprehend and explain how French intervention tipped the balance in favor of America in the War of Independence