1 Smart Dust Mohammad Rahimi CSCI599-Spring2002

2 Back to future! Colonies of smart ultra small size network Colonies of smart ultra small size network Interaction of advances in technology Interaction of advances in technology VLSI more condense silicon processing VLSI more condense silicon processing VLSI more silicon speed VLSI more silicon speed VLSI low power short range communication VLSI low power short range communication MEMS Micro-Electromechanical Systems MEMS Micro-Electromechanical Systems Networking : Ad hoc wireless Network Networking : Ad hoc wireless Network Distributed Processing : Operating system, Database Distributed Processing : Operating system, Database

3 Wow!

4 Applications It is a special class of sensor network It is a special class of sensor network Fine sensing granularity Fine sensing granularity Applications : Applications : Forest fire warning Forest fire warning Enemy troop monitoring Enemy troop monitoring Large scale Biology or Geology Large scale Biology or Geology Smart office spaces Smart office spaces Defense-related sensor networks Defense-related sensor networks Inventory Control Inventory Control

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7 Circulatory Net Group of sensors inside the body

8 Key Features of these electronic particles Power Power Survive for extended amount of time Survive for extended amount of time Computation Computation Process Sensor Data and Communicate Process Sensor Data and Communicate Sensors Sensors To Interface to the environment To Interface to the environment Communication Communication To glue the pieces of information To glue the pieces of information

9 What is really behind the race? Computer Science! Data Fusion Data Fusion An efficient semantic to diffuse data in the network An efficient semantic to diffuse data in the network Interpretation of multimodal sensing Interpretation of multimodal sensing Ad hoc Networking Ad hoc Networking Dynamic Reconfigurable network Dynamic Reconfigurable network Scalability Scalability Distributed Processing Distributed Processing Network Oriented Operating Systems Network Oriented Operating Systems Data Aggregation Data Aggregation

10 Come Back to Reality! COTS Dust Commercial Off-The-Shelf Components Dust Commercial Off-The-Shelf Components Dust To enable us the research about the algorithms and semantics To enable us the research about the algorithms and semantics

11 Architecture Computation Brain 1-MCU 2-FPGA Low Power Communication Front End 1-Acoustic 2-RF 3-Optical Sensors 1-Magnetometer 2- Light 3-temperature 4-pressure 5-Hmidity 6-Acceleration Power 1-Bat 2-Sollar 3-Vibration 4-Acoustic Noise

12 Architecture

13 Power Power: Lithium Battery Power: Lithium Battery Big Problem Big Problem Low capacity per unit of mass and volume Low capacity per unit of mass and volume Needs support by sleep mechanism and low power techniques Needs support by sleep mechanism and low power techniques Not really so much innovation after Volta! Not really so much innovation after Volta! Solar Solar Vibration Vibration Acoustic noise Acoustic noise Thermal conversion Thermal conversion Nuclear Reaction Nuclear Reaction Fuel Cells Fuel Cells

14Computation Computation: ATMEL91M Computation: ATMEL91M Micro Controller Micro Controller Core and variety of different functions Core and variety of different functions Flash, SRAM, E2PROM Flash, SRAM, E2PROM GPIO, ADC, PWM,Comparator GPIO, ADC, PWM,Comparator Embedded serial Buses Embedded serial Buses Ex: Microcontrollers Atmel, Microchip, Motorola Microprocessors Intel Strong-Arms,Motorola Ex: Microcontrollers Atmel, Microchip, Motorola Microprocessors Intel Strong-Arms,Motorola FPGA FPGA Not Traditional Style Of programming Not Traditional Style Of programming Hardware Descriptive Languages (VHDL, Verilog) Hardware Descriptive Languages (VHDL, Verilog) Faster, Low Power, Reconfigurable Faster, Low Power, Reconfigurable Ex: Xilix,Atmel Ex: Xilix,Atmel

15 Sensors Motion Sensing Motion Sensing Magnetometer Magnetometer Study 3 Element of Earth Magnetic field (Compass) Study 3 Element of Earth Magnetic field (Compass) Accelerometer Accelerometer To measure Local vertical (tilt switch) or measure motion vectors To measure Local vertical (tilt switch) or measure motion vectors Environmental Sensing(Weather Monitoring) Environmental Sensing(Weather Monitoring) Pressure Pressure Barometer Barometer Temperature Temperature Light Light Humidity Humidity

16 Communication Acoustic Acoustic RF radio RF radio Optical Optical Passive Passive Active Active

17 Acoustic Communication Power Hungry Power Hungry High Background Noise High Background Noise Large Size (proportional to harmonics of sound) Large Size (proportional to harmonics of sound) Fast Attenuation Curve Fast Attenuation Curve Low communication baud rate Low communication baud rate Low power receiver Low power receiver Good for event driven wake up systems Good for event driven wake up systems

18 RF Communication New low power techniques New low power techniques Not robust (No fancy Spread Spectrum) Not robust (No fancy Spread Spectrum) ISM Band ISM Band For practical frequencies large ANT Size(~λ) For practical frequencies large ANT Size(~λ) It may have a tail!! It may have a tail!! Only one RF front end Only one RF front end MCU acts as base band controller MCU acts as base band controller CRC,Encoding(Manchester),DC Balance,Header CRC,Encoding(Manchester),DC Balance,Header

19 RF Communication Train SequenceFlag ByteNumber OF ByteDATACRC No Addressing

20 Optical Communication Active Active High power laser source High power laser source Transmission of modulated laser beam Transmission of modulated laser beam Passive Passive MEMS Corner Cube Reflector MEMS Corner Cube Reflector Emit modulated ambient light Emit modulated ambient light Extremely low power Extremely low power

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22 Optical Vs. RF Both mature technology Both mature technology Both Electromagnetic waves Both Electromagnetic waves light is quiet short wavelength compared to RF light is quiet short wavelength compared to RF Potential of smaller sizes Potential of smaller sizes light techniques are extremely directional light techniques are extremely directional Peer-Peer Peer-Peer RF techniques can be more omni directional RF techniques can be more omni directional Directionality Brings the problem of alignment Directionality Brings the problem of alignment

23 Future Work Design of multi hop network Design of multi hop network Autonomous network configuration Autonomous network configuration Data Fusion Data Fusion Network Decision making Network Decision making Large Scale Distributed Processing Large Scale Distributed Processing

24 Links

25 That is all folks!