Interest Rate SWAP Ch9

Why Use Interest Rate SWAP Reduce interest rate risk –RSA (rate-sensitive asset) not equal to RSL (rate-sensitive liability) –If RSA >RSL, then increase RSA (from fixed- rate to floating-rate) or/and decrease RSL (from floating-rate to fixed-rate) Reduce borrowing cost

 利率交換系指債信評等不同的募款人，立約交換相同期限 、相同金額債務之利息費用，以共同節省債息的規避利率風 險行為。  典型的利率交換合約，一般為固定利率與浮動利率的交換 ，例如：甲公司想以 6% 的固定利率發行一筆 2000 萬美元的 3 年期公司債，但以該公司的信用等級，只能以 6.5% 的利率發 行，惟若向銀行借款，則因該公司與銀行往來關係良好，可 以 6 個月 LIBOR(London Inter Bank Offered Rate) 加碼 0.5 個 百分點的浮動利率借到資金。此時，恰好乙公司也需要一筆 2000 萬美元 3 年期的資金，該公司雖偏好以浮動利率的方式 借入，惟卻必須負擔 6 個月期 LIBOR 加碼 1 個百分點；至若發 行公司債，因為乙公司在國際債券市場上有良好的知名度， 故可以 6% 的固定利率發行。從而，甲公司與乙公司可各自 發揮在浮動利率市場及固定利率市場的價格優勢，進行利率 交換合約。透過利率交換，雙方皆可節省利息成本。

 LIBOR 係 London Inter Bank Offered Rate) 的簡稱，它是 倫敦國際銀行同業間從事歐洲美元資金拆放的利率，拆放 期限可從短期僅隔夜至長達 5 年，較常見的為 3 個月期或 6 個月期。  大多數主要金融中心都有類似 LIBOR 的利率，例如：荷 蘭阿姆斯特丹的 AIBOR 、德國法蘭克福的 FIBOR 、以及法 國巴黎的 PIBOR 。美國並無直接對應 LIBOR 的利率。美國 的銀行間市場是聯邦基金市場，而貸款契約的基礎是基本 利率 (Prime Rate) ，此利率適用於信用等級最佳的借款者 。 LIBOR 直接由市場供需決定，因此不斷變化； Prime Rate 由銀行訂定，較不經常變動。

Interest-Rate Swap Contract( 利率交換合約 ) 1.Notional principle of $1 million 2.Term of 10 years 3.Midwest SB swaps 7% payment for T-bill + 1% from Friendly Finance Co.

Interest-Rate Swaps  Reduce interest-rate risk for both parties –Midwest (Friendly) converts $1m of fixed rate assets (rate-sensitive) to rate-sensitive (fixed) assets  Advantages of swaps –Reduce risk, no change in balance-sheet –Longer term than futures or options(20 年 )  Disadvantages of swaps 1.Lack of liquidity 2.Subject to default risk

An Interest Rate Swap Between Two Corporations

Borrowing costs –Big Boy: T-bill+2% for debt with floating rate and 7% for debt with fixed rate Would like to borrow the money with floating rate –Little Guy: T-bill+2.5% for debt with floating rate and 9% for debt with fixed rate Would like to borrow the money with fixed rate The borrowing costs of Big Boy are smaller than Little guy regardless of fixed or floating rate

No need to SWAP? Comparative advantage versus Absolute advantage

For Big Boy –if he borrows the debt with fixed rate, then he can add a benefit of 2% –if he borrows the debt with floating rate, then he can add a benefit of 0.5% only For Little Guy, –if he borrows the debt with fixed rate, then he can add a benefit of -2% –if he borrows the debt with floating rate, then he can add a benefit of -0.5% only

If Big Boy borrows the debt with fixed rate and Little Guy borrows the debt with floating rate, then the benefit for the whole system is? How to allocate the benefit? How to decide the swap contract?