C ONSOLIDATION & C IVIL S OCIETY P LAN FOR T ODAY 1. Summarizing Diamond’s tasks for consolidation. 2. Evaluating concept of consolidation. 3. Distinguishing among civil society definitions and their pros/ cons.

Necessary Developments to Promote Consolidation (Linz & Stepan, Diamond)

Tasks to Foster Consolidation (Diamond) 1. Democratic deepening. 2. Political institutionalization. 3. Regime performance.

Democratic Deepening 1. Making formal institutions more liberal, accountable, representative, accessible. 2. No illiberal, electoral democracies during third wave have achieved consolidation. 1. E.g. Russia, Venezuela: deconsolidation.

Political Institutionalization 1. Movement to routinized, predictable patterns of political behavior around common rules and procedures types of institutions involved: 1. State apparatus. 2. Institutions of democratic representation and governance. 3. Structures that ensure rule of law.

Regime Performance Economic Performance 1. Long record of economic performance can build “reservoir of legitimacy” to weather crises. 2. Cannot be widespread perception that few are benefiting disproportionately. 1. E.g. South Africa. 3. Economic hardship generally doesn’t topple democracies.

Regime Performance Political Performance  People care about political goods as well as economic. 1. Order: physical safety, peace. 2. Prestige of country in international affairs (sometimes). 3. Political freedom, accountability, lack of corruption.

Is Consolidation an Appropriate Concept?

Problems with the concept of consolidation 1. How can consolidated democracies become deconsolidated?

Problems with the concept of consolidation 2. How do we know when threshold of consolidation is crossed?  How many people have to believe and how strongly?

Problems with the concept of consolidation 3. Teleological aspect.  Assumption that events are naturally meant to follow this path.  Mirroring modernization theory.  Unclear where definition of consolidation comes from.

Problems with the concept of consolidation 4. Persistence of stable unconsolidated regimes.  “Delegative democracies” (O’Donnell).

Problems with the concept of consolidation 5. Definition of institutionalization (O’Donnell).  “Institution”: “regularized pattern of interaction that is known, practiced, and accepted by actors…” (O’Donnell)

Problems with the concept of consolidation 5. Definition of institutionalization (O’Donnell).  Neglect of strong informal institutions. E.g. Patron-client relations.

Problems with the concept of consolidation  Solution may be to develop typologies of democracy, without assuming stages to consolidation.  E.g. (Collier & Levitsky)  “Electoral” democracy.  “Delegative” democracy.  “Limited” democracy.  “De facto one-party” democracy.

C IVIL S OCIETY

E MBLEMATIC IMAGES OF CIVIL SOCIETY IN D EMOCRATIZATION : Prior to/ during transition: protests to push authoritarian regimes out of power. Video of opposition protests in Belarus, March 2006 (Ukrainian TV footage)Ukrainian TV footage Following transition: professionalized organizations with narrower specialization, sometimes seeing role in democracy. Video on Maria Rikhvanova, Russian environmental activist. Video

D EFINING C IVIL S OCIETY

1. Civil society as a collective noun: NGOs Political parties? (e.g. Fish def’n.) Religious organizations? State-funded organizations?

D EFINING C IVIL S OCIETY 2. Civil society as a space. John Hall: Civil society a social space for human experimentation with identities. Larry Diamond: “Realm of organized social life…”

L ARRY D IAMOND Different from society in general – citizens acting collectively in public sphere. Intermediary between private life and the state. Publicly oriented rather than private ends.

D EFINING C IVIL S OCIETY 3. Civil society as values or norms. Values that bind people together collectively to promote democratic attachment.

R OBERT P UTNAM Values of trust, tolerance, mutual cooperation. Not necessarily political advocacy organizations. Building “social capital.”