Matter- anything that takes up space and has mass Energy- the ability to do work Kinetic (energy in motion) Potential (stored)

Chemical- ATP  ADP + P i (glycolysis) Mechanical- muscles moving, producing heat, digestion Electrical- charges particles Na + /K +, Ca ++, nerve and muscle Radiant (electromagnetic)- energy that travels in waves (visible, UV, IR)  Retina, light  skin  vitamin D

Maintaining Homeostasis Reproduction, Development & Growth Movement

.. Periodic Table 112 known elements Pure substances that cannot be broken down into simpler chemical entities by ordinary chemical reactions

An element is composed of atoms (0.1-1 nm in diameter) Atom  cluster of small particles (proton, neutron, electron)

Protons (p + ) Electrons (e - ) Neutrons (n o )

proton neutron electron hydrogen atom helium atom carbon atom 1p, 0n, 1e-2p, 2n, 2e- 6p, 6n, 6e-

atomic number: number of p; #p = #e- 2 He  2e- and 2p He

atomic mass (atomic wt.) : sum of masses of p+n He  2p + 2n, atomic mass = He He p + ne-

p = n = e- = Atomic number = Atomic mass = C Carbon Atom

O16O17O18 stable isotopes Atoms that differ in the number of neutrons 16 8 O 18 8 O 17 8 O #p #p+n O

Cause cancer Destroy cancerous cells Medical imaging Half-life: C-14= 5600 yrs I-131= 8 days SPECT Kidney function heart function

Two or more atoms held together by chemical bonds OxygenO 2 NitrogenN 2 AmmoniaNH 3 Carbon DioxideCO 2 WaterH 2 O MethaneCH 4 GlucoseC 6 H 12 O 6

Carbohydrates: C 6 H 12 O 6 (glucose) Lipids: C 3 H 8 O 3 (glycerol) + 3C 16 H 32 O 2 (fatty acids) Proteins: COOH-NH 2 Nucleic Acids: sugar, PO 4, N 2 containing base CHON, PS

Binding two or more different kinds of elements together NaCl CH 4 C 6 H 12 O 6

An atom that has either gained or lost electrons such that it exhibits a net charge Na + (cation) Cl - (anion)

Sodium (Na) Atom 11 P + 12 N o

Sodium (Na + ) Ion 11 P + 12 N o

Chlorine (Cl) Atom 17 P + 18 N o

Chloride (Cl - ) Ion 17 P + 18 N o

HydrogenH + PotassiumK + FluorideF - CalciumCa +2 MagnesiumMg +2 HydroxideOH -HydroxideOH - BicarbonateHCO 3 -BicarbonateHCO 3 - NitrateNO 3 -NitrateNO 3 - PhosphatePO 4 -3PhosphatePO 4 -3

Ionic Covalent Hydrogen

Transfer of electron 17 P + 18 N o 11 P + 12 N o

electron sharing O H H

Between Water Molecules Covalent bond Hydrogen bond

A  B reactant  product

A + B  AB

AB  A + B

AB + CD  AC + BD

H 2 O  H + + OH -

Exergonic- a spontaneous chemical reaction where there is a net release of free energy Endergonic- A nonspontaneous chemical reaction where energy is absorbed from the surroundings

C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2  6CO 2 + 6H 2 O + energy ATP  ADP + P i + energy

6CO 2 + 6H 2 O + energy  C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 ADP + P i + energy  ATP

ATP  ADP + P i + energy

ADP + P i  ATP H2OH2OH2OH2O

Boiling Point: 100 o C Freezing Point: 0 o C Density: 1g/cm 3 gasliquid solid

1.High heat capacity-very resistant to temp change; the ocean helps control the temp of the Earth (water heats slower than land) 2.High heat of vaporization- amount of heat needed to make water boil; a lot of energy is needed to break H 2 bonds 3.High Surface tension- cohesion of water molecules (ex. water striders) 4. Polarity solvent properties - universal solvent; H 2 O + NaCl Na + + Cl -

HCl  H + + Cl - Proton donor, i.e., they donate H + ions HCl is a strong acid with a pH 1-2

Na + + OH -  NaOH NH 3 + H +  NH 4 OH - + H +  H 2 O HCO 3 - +H +  H 2 CO 3 Proton acceptor, i.e., they take up H+ ions NaOH is a strong base ~pH 12

Neutralization- HCl + NaOH  H 2 O + NaCl Buffer- resists dramatic changes in pH; ex. tums, rolaids…buffers stomach acid

Acidic0-6 Neutral7 Basic (alkaline)8-14 Type of Solution pH Value 0-14

Logarithmic scale blood

CO 2 + H 2 O ↔ H 2 CO 3 ↔ HCO H + ↔ CO H + By-product of respiration carbonic acid bicarbonate carbonate The addition of CO 2 makes blood acidic

Blood too basic: H 2 CO 3 HCO H + pH drops Blood too acidic: HCO H + H 2 CO 3 pH rises Blood ave. pH = 7.4

Inquiry 1.How many neutrons in 7 N? 2.Of the following pH’s which is most acidic? The symbols K, Na, C, and S are: 4. Which of the following are elements? water; sugar; table salt; the atmosphere 5. Which of the following are pure substances? wine; seawater; blood; iron 14