2014 REPRODUCTION AND HEREDITY Výukový materiál GE Tvůrce: Mgr. Šárka Vopěnková Tvůrce anglické verze: ThMgr. Ing. Jiří Foller Projekt: S anglickým jazykem do dalších předmětů Registrační číslo: CZ.1.07/1.1.36/ Tento projekt je spolufinancován ESF a SR ČR

 during the evolution of species – various ways of reproduction  2 general types:  asexual and sexual  asexual:  evolutionary older, more primitive  sexual:  more perfect  typical for complex multicellular organisms REPRODUCTION

 by unicellular organisms  by plants (non-vascular plants)  also lower animals  A new individual develops:  => from a separated part of parents´ organism  => from body cells ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION

 genetic point of view:  organism is a direct continuance of its parent  completely identical with the parent  a set of identical individuals = a clone  it is advantageous for species adapted to non changeable environment ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION

 the most common ways of asexual reproduction:  cell division and germination > yeast  reproduction by spores > fungi  vegetative organs > plants (sprouts, rootstocks, tubers, bulbs…) ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION

 asexual reproduction relates to the regeneration – substitution of lost tissue  the base of chipping in agriculture and plant breeding  a complete parallel to chipping is physiparia by animals (cnidarians, earthworms) ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION

 Special sexual organs  Sexual cells = gametes  By the Fusion of two gametes develops a zygote  zygote divides mitotically and grows  the embryo develops  The embryo (new individual) grows SEXUAL REPRODUCTION

 gametes develop from body cells into sexual cells  male and female individuals differ in shape and function sexual signs  male gametes of higher plants: generative nucleus  nucleus of pollen tubes  female gametes of higher plants: egg cells SEXUAL REPRODUCTION

 male gametes of animals: sperms  female gametes of animals: eggs SEXUAL REPRODUCTION

 developing individual is provided by a complex of genes  the individual is not equal with any of his/her parents  genes are a combination of 50 % genes from father and 50 % genes from mother  it ensures the variability of individuals in the species  significantly more advantageous than sexual reproduction SEXUAL REPRODUCTION

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 ŠMARDA, Jan. Genetika: pro gymnázia. 1. vyd. Praha: Fortuna, 2003, 143 s. ISBN  CHALUPOVÁ-KARLOVSKÁ, Vlastimila. Obecná biologie: středoškolská učebnice : evoluce, biologie buňky, genetika : s 558 řešenými testovými otázkami. 2., opr. vyd. Olomouc: Nakladatelství Olomouc, 2010, 206 s. ISBN SOURCES