S ustainable A rchitecture Applied to R eplicable Public A ccess Buildings Module 6 Post occupancy evaluation and thermal comfort
S ustainable A rchitecture Applied to R eplicable Public A ccess Buildings Contract: TREN/04/FP6EN/S / Plan 1.Post Occupancy Evaluation 2.Case of Study : SARA project 3.Questionnaire model
S ustainable A rchitecture Applied to R eplicable Public A ccess Buildings Contract: TREN/04/FP6EN/S / POE - POST OCCUPANCY EVALUATION “Technically, POE studies of buildings involve systematic collection and evaluation of information about the performance of a building in use. Data collected can include measured information such as energy consumption, temperatures, lighting levels, acoustic performance etc., and survey data from the perspective of the occupants regarding issues such as comfort, aesthetics, occupant satisfaction, management, etc..” Gupta, R. (2006) Learning by doing: a post-occupancy building evaluation module for postgraduate architecture students
S ustainable A rchitecture Applied to R eplicable Public A ccess Buildings Contract: TREN/04/FP6EN/S / POE & FSTC (1) The POE (Post Occupancy Evaluation) is concerned with the performance of the building (‘the building is often hot in summer’). the FSTC (Field Studies of Thermal Comfort) is concerned with the occupant of the building (‘I feel hot now’). The ‘function’ of the occupant in the POE is to provide a subjective measure of a building and act as its ‘memory’
S ustainable A rchitecture Applied to R eplicable Public A ccess Buildings Contract: TREN/04/FP6EN/S / POE & FSTC (2) The POE survey puts little emphasis on measuring the physical characteristics of the environment (temperature etc) at the time of the evaluation In the thermal comfort survey the physical measurements are a key function because the aim is to predict the subjective from a knowledge of the physical.
S ustainable A rchitecture Applied to R eplicable Public A ccess Buildings Contract: TREN/04/FP6EN/S / POE & FSTC (3) The FSTC is uses detailed experimental work done in laboratories and climate chambers to explain the physiological and physical and psychological processes which underlie thermal comfort In the same way POE can be informed by the results of FSTC which explore the responses of building occupants
S ustainable A rchitecture Applied to R eplicable Public A ccess Buildings Contract: TREN/04/FP6EN/S / POE & FSTC (4) There is a rich interface between the two types of survey and the ways in which they complement each other. In particular the ways in which the information from comfort surveys might be of use to explore the subjective scales in a POE, both as regards their design and interpretation
S ustainable A rchitecture Applied to R eplicable Public A ccess Buildings Contract: TREN/04/FP6EN/S / Thermal comfort Thermal comfort is famously described by ASHRAE Standard 55 as that condition of mind which expresses satisfaction with the thermal environment. A Psychological phenomenon not a physiological one (though with a base in physiology and physics)
S ustainable A rchitecture Applied to R eplicable Public A ccess Buildings Contract: TREN/04/FP6EN/S / The lessons of comfort surveys (1) Field studies in buildings show that the subjective response is the driving force behind the behavioural reaction according the adaptive principal: ‘If a change occurs such as to produce discomfort, people react in ways which tend to restore their comfort’.
S ustainable A rchitecture Applied to R eplicable Public A ccess Buildings Contract: TREN/04/FP6EN/S / The lessons of comfort surveys (2) Comfort is not just a response to thermal conditions, but part of an interaction between occupants and buildings Comfort is a goal to be sought from, not a product delivered by the building The occupants may change themselves, or use controls to change the condition to achieve comfort
S ustainable A rchitecture Applied to R eplicable Public A ccess Buildings Contract: TREN/04/FP6EN/S / OccupantBuilding Comfort is achieved by the occupants adapting to the building Or by the occupants adapting the building to suit them This has to be done within the climatic, social, economic and cultural context of the whole system
S ustainable A rchitecture Applied to R eplicable Public A ccess Buildings Contract: TREN/04/FP6EN/S / Adaptive opportunity Crucial, therefore, to the likely success of any building in being comfortable are the adaptive opportunities it provides. Adaptive opportunities are those features of the building which allow the occupants to adapt themselves to the building or to adapt the environment in the building to their own requirements
S ustainable A rchitecture Applied to R eplicable Public A ccess Buildings Contract: TREN/04/FP6EN/S / Data from Pakistan Personal Variables
S ustainable A rchitecture Applied to R eplicable Public A ccess Buildings Contract: TREN/04/FP6EN/S / The result of these actions is shown in this graph of the level of discomfort at different indoor temperatures among office workers in Pakistan Little discomfort Source: Nicol, Raja, Allauddin & Jamy (1999) Energy and Buildings 30
S ustainable A rchitecture Applied to R eplicable Public A ccess Buildings Contract: TREN/04/FP6EN/S / Different controls are used in different circumstances
S ustainable A rchitecture Applied to R eplicable Public A ccess Buildings Contract: TREN/04/FP6EN/S / People adapt Over time the temperature which people find comfortable is close to the mean temperature they have experienced. In other words the conditions which occupants find comfortable are influenced their recent thermal experience.
S ustainable A rchitecture Applied to R eplicable Public A ccess Buildings Contract: TREN/04/FP6EN/S / Results from field surveys Source: From Nicol & Humphreys Energy and Buildings 34
S ustainable A rchitecture Applied to R eplicable Public A ccess Buildings Contract: TREN/04/FP6EN/S / Thermal indices Much of the work in thermal comfort (laboratory and field) has been aimed at perfecting an ‘index’ to describe comfort in terms of all the environmental and personal factors effecting comfort PMV, ET*, SET etc
S ustainable A rchitecture Applied to R eplicable Public A ccess Buildings Contract: TREN/04/FP6EN/S / Thermal indices The problem with complex indices is not only how to collect the data, but also that the errors, both in the measurement of the variables and in the way they are ‘put together’, tend to be cumulative. The more complex the index the more important the errors and the less the likelihood that the index will be useful as a predictive tool.
S ustainable A rchitecture Applied to R eplicable Public A ccess Buildings Contract: TREN/04/FP6EN/S / Variability and forgiveness (1) When occupants describe conditions as ‘hot’, they often mean ‘hot as compared to what might be expected’ or ‘hot as compared to what I normally expect’. This might imply the deviations from the ‘normal’ temperature would give rise to dissatisfaction and that variability leads to discomfort.
S ustainable A rchitecture Applied to R eplicable Public A ccess Buildings Contract: TREN/04/FP6EN/S / Variability and forgiveness (2) But temperature change in buildings might be the result of occupant actions to achieve comfort as well as the result of factors beyond their control. Variable temperatures (assumed to be a ‘bad thing’ in the steady-state heat balance models of thermal comfort) might actually be improving occupant comfort.
S ustainable A rchitecture Applied to R eplicable Public A ccess Buildings Contract: TREN/04/FP6EN/S / Variability Change is natural, stasis is only possible in certain (generally non-sustainable) circumstances. Thermal sensation relates to a running mean of temperature rather than its instantaneous. The relationship is not an exact one but the principle seems robust over a number of studies.
S ustainable A rchitecture Applied to R eplicable Public A ccess Buildings Contract: TREN/04/FP6EN/S / Running mean temperature The rate at which the comfort temperature changes is related to the running mean of the outdoor temperature (red line)
S ustainable A rchitecture Applied to R eplicable Public A ccess Buildings Contract: TREN/04/FP6EN/S / Wilson Building, Open University, UK Passive refurbishment of first floor studio
S ustainable A rchitecture Applied to R eplicable Public A ccess Buildings Contract: TREN/04/FP6EN/S / Never Often August 1995 (weather very hot) September 1995 October 1995 Third floor Passive studio How often is it too hot? Source: POE research team at OBU
S ustainable A rchitecture Applied to R eplicable Public A ccess Buildings Contract: TREN/04/FP6EN/S / Source: POE research team at OBU
S ustainable A rchitecture Applied to R eplicable Public A ccess Buildings Contract: TREN/04/FP6EN/S / OU Studio Perception of building changes with the outdoor conditions Overall satisfaction with passive Studio floor is better (also satisfaction better near window than away from it)
S ustainable A rchitecture Applied to R eplicable Public A ccess Buildings 2. Case of study : SARA Project
S ustainable A rchitecture Applied to R eplicable Public A ccess Buildings In the UK the chosen project was of the new Administrative and Student Services Building (ASS), Southampton University. With 2500 m 2 gross area this new department building, located on the existing campus site, comprises of a new 3 storeys high block linked to the old administrative block by an atrium. Description of the UK building of SARA Project
S ustainable A rchitecture Applied to R eplicable Public A ccess Buildings
S ustainable A rchitecture Applied to R eplicable Public A ccess Buildings
S ustainable A rchitecture Applied to R eplicable Public A ccess Buildings Contract: TREN/04/FP6EN/S / State of project progress SUMMER 2006
S ustainable A rchitecture Applied to R eplicable Public A ccess Buildings Contract: TREN/04/FP6EN/S / SUMMER 2006
S ustainable A rchitecture Applied to R eplicable Public A ccess Buildings Contract: TREN/04/FP6EN/S / SUMMER 2006
S ustainable A rchitecture Applied to R eplicable Public A ccess Buildings Contract: TREN/04/FP6EN/S / SUMMER 2006
S ustainable A rchitecture Applied to R eplicable Public A ccess Buildings Contract: TREN/04/FP6EN/S / SUMMER 2006
S ustainable A rchitecture Applied to R eplicable Public A ccess Buildings Contract: TREN/04/FP6EN/S / SUMMER 2006
S ustainable A rchitecture Applied to R eplicable Public A ccess Buildings Contract: TREN/04/FP6EN/S / SUMMER 2006
S ustainable A rchitecture Applied to R eplicable Public A ccess Buildings Contract: TREN/04/FP6EN/S / SUMMER 2006 WINTER 2006 SUMMER 2006
S ustainable A rchitecture Applied to R eplicable Public A ccess Buildings Contract: TREN/04/FP6EN/S / SUMMER 2006 WINTER 2006 SUMMER 2006
S ustainable A rchitecture Applied to R eplicable Public A ccess Buildings Contract: TREN/04/FP6EN/S / SUMMER 2006 WINTER 2006 SUMMER 2006
S ustainable A rchitecture Applied to R eplicable Public A ccess Buildings Contract: TREN/04/FP6EN/S / WINTER 2006 SECOND, THIRD AND FORTH FLOORS OF NEW BUILDING WINTER 2006
S ustainable A rchitecture Applied to R eplicable Public A ccess Buildings Contract: TREN/04/FP6EN/S / SECOND, THIRD AND FORTH FLOORS OF NEW&OLD BUILDING WINTER 2006 SECOND, THIRD AND FORTH FLOORS OF NEW&OLD BUILDING
S ustainable A rchitecture Applied to R eplicable Public A ccess Buildings Contract: TREN/04/FP6EN/S / WINTER 2006 SECOND, THIRD AND FORTH FLOORS OF NEW&OLD BUILDING
S ustainable A rchitecture Applied to R eplicable Public A ccess Buildings Contract: TREN/04/FP6EN/S / WINTER 2006 SECOND, THIRD AND FORTH FLOORS OF NEW&OLD BUILDING
S ustainable A rchitecture Applied to R eplicable Public A ccess Buildings Contract: TREN/04/FP6EN/S / SECOND, THIRD AND FORTH FLOORS OF OLD BUILDING WINTER 2006
S ustainable A rchitecture Applied to R eplicable Public A ccess Buildings Contract: TREN/04/FP6EN/S / SECOND, THIRD AND FORTH FLOORS OF OLD BUILDING WINTER 2006 SECOND, THIRD AND FORTH FLOORS OF OLD BUILDING WINTER 2006
S ustainable A rchitecture Applied to R eplicable Public A ccess Buildings Contract: TREN/04/FP6EN/S / SECOND, THIRD AND FORTH FLOORS OF OLD BUILDING WINTER 2006
S ustainable A rchitecture Applied to R eplicable Public A ccess Buildings Contract: TREN/04/FP6EN/S / SECOND, THIRD AND FORTH FLOORS OF OLD BUILDING WINTER 2006
S ustainable A rchitecture Applied to R eplicable Public A ccess Buildings Contract: TREN/04/FP6EN/S / Concluding remarks A demonstration project co-financed by the European Commission. (TREN/04/FP6EN/S /503188) Building performance: required fine tuning for design, fabric and services Users performance: participation and information
S ustainable A rchitecture Applied to R eplicable Public A ccess Buildings
S ustainable A rchitecture Applied to R eplicable Public A ccess Buildings
S ustainable A rchitecture Applied to R eplicable Public A ccess Buildings
S ustainable A rchitecture Applied to R eplicable Public A ccess Buildings Contract: TREN/04/FP6EN/S / Conclusions (1) Surveys, whether of buildings or of people, form part of a continuum. The climate chamber thermal comfort study might sit at one end and the POE at the other. The FSTC stands somewhere in between and must learn from and inform both.
S ustainable A rchitecture Applied to R eplicable Public A ccess Buildings Contract: TREN/04/FP6EN/S / Conclusions (2) The FSTC is concerned with the physics and physiology of the climate chamber study but not constrained by the implied image of humans as animals with clothes. At the same time because the context of the FSTC is almost always a building, the findings of field studies will often touch closely on the evaluation of buildings:
S ustainable A rchitecture Applied to R eplicable Public A ccess Buildings Contract: TREN/04/FP6EN/S / Conclusions (3) Thermal comfort is a goal of building occupants and not simply a product of the building services, though the building services provide some of the means by which the goal is achieved. Buildings and their occupants interact continually and the relationship between them is a dynamic one.
S ustainable A rchitecture Applied to R eplicable Public A ccess Buildings Contract: TREN/04/FP6EN/S / Conclusions (4) The use of building controls should be a concern for future energy research In using occupants as part of the means to measure buildings, POE should understand the changing nature of the ‘comfort’ the occupants are being used to measure. This has profound implications for the reproducibility of the POE survey results.
S ustainable A rchitecture Applied to R eplicable Public A ccess Buildings 3. Questionnaire model Used in the framework of the SARA project
S ustainable A rchitecture Applied to R eplicable Public A ccess Buildings Contract: TREN/04/FP6EN/S /
S ustainable A rchitecture Applied to R eplicable Public A ccess Buildings Contract: TREN/04/FP6EN/S /
S ustainable A rchitecture Applied to R eplicable Public A ccess Buildings Contract: TREN/04/FP6EN/S /
S ustainable A rchitecture Applied to R eplicable Public A ccess Buildings Contract: TREN/04/FP6EN/S /