16 Domestic Policy

Video: The Big Picture 16 ARED_MEDIA_1/polisci/presidency/OConner_Ch 16_Domestic_Policy_Seg1_v2.html

16 Describe health policy in the United States Trace the stages of the policy-making process Learning Objectives

16 Explain energy and environmental policy in the United States Outline education policy in the United States Learning Objectives

Assess the ongoing challenges in U.S. domestic policy. Learning Objectives

Video: The Basics SHARED_MEDIA_1/polisci/presidency/Seg2_ SocialPolicy_v2.html 16

Roots of Domestic Policy in the United States  Evolution of Health Care Policy  Evolution of Education Policy  Evolution of Energy and Environmental Policy  A Model of the Policy-Making Process 16.1

 National Marine Service (1798) First federal health care service  New Deal efforts Opposed by the American Medical Association  President Bill Clinton Universal Health Coverage defeated Number of uninsured rose dramatically  President Barack Obama Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act Evolution of Health Care Policy 16.1

Video: In Context SHARED_MEDIA_1/polisci/presidency/Seg3_ SocialPolicy_v2.html

 Post-Revolutionary War Legitimizing democratic institutions through education  Immigration Era Assimilation via education  Brown v. Board of Education (1954) Ended segregation of public schools  Outcome and Standards-Based Education No Child Left Behind Race to the Top Evolution of Education Policy 16.1

Who was John Dewey? 16.1

How did Title IX Change Education? 16.1

 Industrialization and Conservation Abundant coal and oil Teddy Roosevelt and the U.S. Forest Service  Environmental Protection Rachel Carson’s Silent Spring, Earth Day 1970  Oil Dependency OAPEC and OPEC Speed limits, fuel efficiency standards  Climate change concerns Greenhouse gases and global warming Evolution of Energy and Environmental Policy 16.1

 Agenda Setting Deciding which issues to discuss  Policy Formulation Crafting of proposed courses of action  Policy Adoption Approval of a policy proposal  Policy Implementation Process of carrying out public policies  Policy Evaluation Did policy achieve its goals? A Model of the Policy-making Process 16.1

FIGURE 16.1: What Are the Stages of the Public Policy Process? 16.1

How Does Government Identify Public Policy Problems? 16.1

16.1 Throughout our history, education has been viewed by political actors as a means to: a.Legitimize democratic institutions b.Facilitate assimilation c.Ensure equality d.All of the above 16.1

16.1 Throughout our history, education has been viewed by political actors as a means to: a.Legitimize democratic institutions b.Facilitate assimilation c.Ensure equality d.All of the above 16.1

Health Policy Today  Medicare  Medicaid  Health Insurance  Public Health 16.2

 Created in 1965 For people 65 and older  Part A Covers hospitalization  Part B Optional; covers doctors visits, outpatient services  Part C Medicare Advantage, covers gaps  Part D Optional drug benefit Medicare 16.2

 Created in 1965 For people poor and disabled  Must meet eligibility requirements Low-income  National and state government Federal block grants cover 50-75%  50 million Americans covered in 2010 $400 billion Medicaid 16.2

 Rising Costs Technology advances Americans living longer  Health care per capita costs 1970 $356 per capita 2013 $9,349 per capita 10 percent of Americans account for 63 percent of all health care costs  Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act Ensures access to either private insurance or government- run exchanges State have challenged the program Health Insurance 16.2

FIGURE 16.2: Where Do American Health Expenditures Go? 16.2

 Tools to protect public health: Immunizations, education, advertisements, regulation Gardasil debate  Medical Research National Institutes of Health  Obesity Public health priority: 2/3 of adults and 1/3 of children are overweight or obese Public Health 16.2

How Does the Government Promote Public Health? 16.2

TABLE 16.1: What do Americans think about health insurance reform? 16.2

16.2 Which part of Medicare is optional and covers doctor’s visits and other outpatient services? a.Medicare Part A b.Medicare Part B c.Medicare Part C d.Medicare Part D 16.2

16.2 Which part of Medicare is optional and covers doctor’s visits and other outpatient services? a.Medicare Part A b.Medicare Part B c.Medicare Part C d.Medicare Part D 16.2

Explore Social Policy: Is Health Care a Public Good? _12/pex/pex16.html 16.2

Explore the Simulation: You Are an OMB Staff Member _1/2013_mpsl_sim/simulation.html?simulaURL=

Education Policy Today  No Child Left Behind Act  Federal Aid to Higher Education 16.3

 Accountability Standardized tests, report cards, reorganization  Flexibility Schools can tailor expenditures to meet their needs  Proven methods for quality outcomes Best practices  School Choice Vouchers for private or other public schools Charter schools No Child Left Behind Act 16.3

What Are Charter Schools? 16.3

Video: Thinking Like a Political Scientist Seg4.SocialPolicy.v2.mp4 16.3

 Research grants and financial assistance to students  Military academies  Access to college Student debt load Grants  College Cost Reduction and Access Grant Stafford fixed interest rate Repayments capped at 10% of income Federal Aid to Higher Education 16.3

16.3 No Child Left Behind can force schools to reorganize under which of its four tenets: a.Accountability b.Flexibility c.Proven methods of outcomes d.School choice e.None of the above 16.3

16.3 No Child Left Behind can force schools to reorganize under which of its four tenets: a.Accountability b.Flexibility c.Proven methods of outcomes d.School choice e.None of the above 16.3

Energy and Environmental Policy Today  Energy Policy  Environmental Policy  Climate Change 16.4

 President Obama’s budget “All of the above” approach encourages development of alternative energies  Oil and other fossil fuels U.S. has 2 percent of world’s oils reserves but consumes 20 percent of the world’s oil  Natural gas extraction Problems with groundwater contamination  Consumption Energy efficiency requirements for cars, buildings Energy Policy 16.4

FIGURE 16.3: Where Do U.S. Oil Imports Come From? 16.4

FIGURE 16.4: How Does the United States Generate Electricity? 16.4

 National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 Required environmental impact statements when the government proposed a project  Clean Air Act of 1970 Established national primary and secondary air quality standards  Clean Water Act of 1972 Goal: make all surface water “swimmable and fishable” by 1985 Environmental Policy 16.4

 Difficulties for comprehensive federal reform Exact impact unknown  State efforts California – 30 percent reduction in automobile emissions Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative (RGGI) – a cap and trade agreement among nine states Renewable Portfolio Standards (RPS) – require set amounts of electricity from alternative sources Climate Change 16.4

How can governments encourage Americans to go green? 16.4

16.4 Federal environmental policy has taken a backseat lately to this: a.Economic recovery b.The need to wean the U.S. from foreign oil c.Both of the above d.None of the above 16.4

16.4 Federal environmental policy has taken a backseat lately to this: a.Economic recovery b.The need to wean the U.S. from foreign oil c.Both of the above d.None of the above 16.4

Video: In the Real World HARED_MEDIA_1/polisci/presidency/Seg5_So cialPolicy_v2.html 16.4

 Policies not fully implemented or successful  Opportunities and barriers to change  Policy often formulated in context of uncertainty Toward Reform: Ongoing Challenges in Domestic Policy 16.5

16.5 Which of these factors contributed to the complexity and difficulty of the policy-making process? a.The decentralized structure of government b.The different interests of different groups c.The public’s focus – or lack of focus – on an issue d.All of the above 16.5

16.5 Which of these factors contributed to the complexity and difficulty of the policy-making process? a.The decentralized structure of government b.The different interests of different groups c.The public’s focus – or lack of focus – on an issue d.All of the above 16.5

Discussion Question Why is the U.S. the only developed country without universal health care? Why are Americans disinclined to adopt a single-payer health care system? 16

Video: So What? ARED_MEDIA_1/polisci/presidency/Oconner_C h16_Domestic_Policy_Seg6_v2.html 16

Further Review: On MyPoliSciLab  Listen to the Chapter  Study and Review the Flashcards  Study and Review the Practice Tests 16