Hazards Identification 2009 Ships in Service Training Material A-M CHAUVEL

Hazards Identification Assets Identification Vulnerabilities Assessment Hazards Identification Risk assessment People, Reputation, Object, Activity, System,… of interest Countermeasures Risk management starts with the definition of potential countermeasures, the process by which an option is selected, the remedy implemented, and monitored on the site. Verification Ships in Service Training Material A-M CHAUVEL

Hazards Identification A hazards identification considers the full spectrum of potential hazards : - Natural - Criminal, - Accidental, - Human error, etc. for a given asset, location, activity or process. Ships in Service Training Material A-M CHAUVEL

can we find on board a Ship? Types of Hazards Exercise: What types of hazards can we find on board a Ship? Hazards can be grouped into several types : Physical hazards :  These include noise, radiation (ionising, electromagnetic or non-ionising), heat, cold, vibration and pressure. Chemical hazards :  Through a variety of actions, chemicals can cause damage to health and property.  Some of these actions are explosiveness, flammability, corrosion, oxidation, poisoning, toxicity, carcinogenicity. Biological hazards :  Mainly from infection or allergic reaction.  Biological hazards include viruses, bacteria, fungi, and other organisms.  Some biological hazards, such as AIDS or Hepatitis B are potentially life threatening. Ergonomic hazards :  These are hazards from poor work design, layout or activity.  Examples of ergonomic problems include manual handling, workplace layout and task design. Psychological hazards :  Stress, violence at work, long working hours, lack of control in decision making about work can all contribute to poor work performance. Ships in Service Training Material A-M CHAUVEL

Types of Hazards Ergonomic Biological Psychological Chemical Physical Hazards can be grouped into several types : Physical hazards :  These include noise, radiation (ionising, electromagnetic or non-ionising), heat, cold, vibration and pressure. Chemical hazards :  Through a variety of actions, chemicals can cause damage to health and property.  Some of these actions are explosiveness, flammability, corrosion, oxidation, poisoning, toxicity, carcinogenicity. Biological hazards :  Mainly from infection or allergic reaction.  Biological hazards include viruses, bacteria, fungi, and other organisms.  Some biological hazards, such as AIDS or Hepatitis B are potentially life threatening. Ergonomic hazards :  These are hazards from poor work design, layout or activity.  Examples of ergonomic problems include manual handling, workplace layout and task design. Psychological hazards :  Stress, violence at work, long working hours, lack of control in decision making about work can all contribute to poor work performance. Chemical Physical Ships in Service Training Material A-M CHAUVEL

Types of Hazards Physical hazards :  Noise, radiation ( ionizing, electromagnetic or non-ionizing ), heat, cold, vibration and pressure. Chemical hazards : Can cause damage to health and property.   Some of these actions are explosiveness, flammability, corrosion, oxidation, poisoning, toxicity, carcinogenicity. Biological hazards : Infection or allergic reaction. Include viruses, bacteria, fungi, and other organisms. Some biological hazards, such as AIDS or Hepatitis B are potentially life threatening. Ergonomic hazards :  From poor work design, layout or activity. ( manual handling, workplace layout and task design.) Psychological hazards :  Stress, violence at work, long working hours, lack of control in decision making about work can also contribute to poor work performance. Ships in Service Training Material A-M CHAUVEL

Physical Hazards Radiation Noise Vibration Heat Cold Pressure Ships in Service Training Material A-M CHAUVEL

Chemical Hazards Explosive Corrosive Flammable Oxidant Poison Toxic Hazards can be grouped into several types : Physical hazards :  These include noise, radiation (ionising, electromagnetic or non-ionising), heat, cold, vibration and pressure. Chemical hazards :  Through a variety of actions, chemicals can cause damage to health and property.  Some of these actions are explosiveness, flammability, corrosion, oxidation, poisoning, toxicity, carcinogenicity. Biological hazards :  Mainly from infection or allergic reaction.  Biological hazards include viruses, bacteria, fungi, and other organisms.  Some biological hazards, such as AIDS or Hepatitis B are potentially life threatening. Ergonomic hazards :  These are hazards from poor work design, layout or activity.  Examples of ergonomic problems include manual handling, workplace layout and task design. Psychological hazards :  Stress, violence at work, long working hours, lack of control in decision making about work can all contribute to poor work performance. Toxic Carcinogenic Ships in Service Training Material A-M CHAUVEL

Biological Hazards Virus Infection reaction Allergic reaction Bacteria Fungi Other organisms Ships in Service Training Material A-M CHAUVEL

Ergonomic Hazards Task design Work activity Workplace layout Ships in Service Training Material A-M CHAUVEL

Psychological Hazards Stress Violence at work Working hours Decision making Ships in Service Training Material A-M CHAUVEL

In this exercise please quantify each hazard Types of Hazards Exercise: In this exercise please quantify each hazard on a scale from 0 to 10 Hazards can be grouped into several types : Physical hazards :  These include noise, radiation (ionising, electromagnetic or non-ionising), heat, cold, vibration and pressure. Chemical hazards :  Through a variety of actions, chemicals can cause damage to health and property.  Some of these actions are explosiveness, flammability, corrosion, oxidation, poisoning, toxicity, carcinogenicity. Biological hazards :  Mainly from infection or allergic reaction.  Biological hazards include viruses, bacteria, fungi, and other organisms.  Some biological hazards, such as AIDS or Hepatitis B are potentially life threatening. Ergonomic hazards :  These are hazards from poor work design, layout or activity.  Examples of ergonomic problems include manual handling, workplace layout and task design. Psychological hazards :  Stress, violence at work, long working hours, lack of control in decision making about work can all contribute to poor work performance.

Identify Hazard Scale of Intensity Score No idea 0-2 3-4 5-6 7-8 9-10

Types of hazards Ergonomic Psychological Chemical STOP Physical Biological

The assessment should examine supporting information to evaluate Hazards Identification The assessment should examine supporting information to evaluate the likelihood of occurrence for each hazard. Ships in Service Training Material A-M CHAUVEL

Hazard Identification Human error Engine failure Hull damage Heavy weather Cargo shift Poor visibility Fuel leak Equipment failures Power failure Tsunami Other… Collision Environmental pollution Fire Explosion Grounding Other Dangerous good release Flooding / Sinking / … Consequences Personnel accident Major accident requiring evacuation LOSS OF LIFE Ships in Service Training Material A-M CHAUVEL

Hazards Identification Example of parameters used in risk assessment Ships in Service Training Material A-M CHAUVEL

Poor management practices Poor vessel maintenance Human Poor decision making Poor judgement Lack of knowledge Poor communication Organisation Poor management practices Lack of ship specific knowledge Poor vessel maintenance Vessel Size, Age, Crew Manoeuvrability Pilotage requirements Escorting requirements Waterway Location Wind speed and direction Tides, Currents, Visibility Traffic separation Example of parameters used in risk assessment Vessel reliability Propulsion Steering Electrical power Structural integrity Port control Traffic rules Navigational equipment Number of pilots, Tugs Traffic monitoring equipment

Hazards Identification : How - Structured review or brainstorming sessions - Accident scenarios - Direct causes - Most probable outcomes in terms of loss - Organisational / procedural failure - Communication failure - Equipment failure - Environmental conditions - Human error - Navigation aids Concerning Ships in Service Training Material A-M CHAUVEL

Hazards Identification Avalanche Drought Earthquake Flood Landslide Severe local storm Tsunami Volcano Wildly fire Abandoned mine Chemical Civil disturbance Dam failure Hazardous materials Local hazard Pipeline Radiological Act of God Transportation Urban fire Rural fire A sample vulnerability matrix is shown. Scores are out 0 to 10. The sum of the scores across the rows indicates the best collective belief of that organization as to the key assets That are most susceptible to possible threats. The sum of the scores in the rows indicates the belief as to the most serious threats the organization faces. The highest individual scores represent critical areas of vulnerability that should be addressed Ships in Service Training Material A-M CHAUVEL

Hazards Identification Chemical (fire, explosion, poisons) Picketing demonstrations Gravitational (falls, falling objects, landslides) Bomb Pilferage and theft Discrimination Statutory Non-compliance Industrial espionage Electrical Pollution (oil spills, fires, dangerous goods releases Storm (wind, hail, lightning, floods) Assault Spill Contamination Noise and vibration Malicious damage and contamination Harassment Defamation Biochemical (including personal injury) Alcohol and drugs A sample vulnerability matrix is shown. Scores are out 0 to 10. The sum of the scores across the rows indicates the best collective belief of that organization as to the key assets That are most susceptible to possible threats. The sum of the scores in the rows indicates the belief as to the most serious threats the organization faces. The highest individual scores represent critical areas of vulnerability that should be addressed Scandal involvement’s (eg, frauds, political) Suborning of staff for fraud or convulsive theft Extortion Bomb threats and hoaxes Ships in Service Training Material A-M CHAUVEL

Hazards Identification Collision Seaman injury Bomb threat Grounding Illness Security breach Spill Outbreak disease Piracy Dangerous good release Death Sabotage Fire Stowaway Explosion Engine failure A sample vulnerability matrix is shown. Scores are out 0 to 10. The sum of the scores across the rows indicates the best collective belief of that organization as to the key assets That are most susceptible to possible threats. The sum of the scores in the rows indicates the belief as to the most serious threats the organization faces. The highest individual scores represent critical areas of vulnerability that should be addressed Ship damaged Refrigerating failure Ships in Service Training Material A-M CHAUVEL

Hazards Identification A sample vulnerability matrix is shown. Scores are out 0 to 10. The sum of the scores across the rows indicates the best collective belief of that organization as to the key assets That are most susceptible to possible threats. The sum of the scores in the rows indicates the belief as to the most serious threats the organization faces. The highest individual scores represent critical areas of vulnerability that should be addressed Ships in Service Training Material A-M CHAUVEL

Hazards Identification Ex : Movements in port,… Collision,… ENTRY IN PORT LEAVING SHIP TRAIN TRUCK BARGE CAR PEOPLE - Worker - Visitor - Passenger Ships in Service Training Material A-M CHAUVEL

What and Where to Obtain Information Hazards Identification This is a generic matrix which could be used for establishing the relationships between an hazard and it impact (potential consequences) on a system analyze during an risk assessment.

Hazards Identification After defining the scope of the assessment, determine who needs to be involved. This is a key part of the process. A right mix of people and experience is necessary to get the most out of your assessment. Ships in Service Training Material A-M CHAUVEL

Hazards Identification Different experts will identify different risks and produce different results. A group representing all of the various concerned parties will provide the best basis for your risk assessment. Ships in Service Training Material A-M CHAUVEL

Hazards Identification Understanding the processes and people involved Stakeholders Human Tasks Navigational Zones Ship Types Environmental Conditions Ship Movement Port Based Functions Ship Functions Company memory Ships in Service Training Material A-M CHAUVEL

Data 1- Stakeholders Understanding the processes and people involved. - Harbour authorities - Port controllers - Pilots - Coastguards - Ship’s crew - Towage - Berthing crews - Emergency services - Regulators ( MSA / HSE ) - Class societies - Environmental groups - Other port users - Owners - Agents - Oil companies - Suppliers - Insurance, P&I Club - Residents - Yacht clubs - Local authorities - Other amenity interests - Flag Authorities - Media Ships in Service Training Material A-M CHAUVEL

Data 2 - Navigational Zones Understanding the processes and people involved. - Approaches - Port entrance - Navigable channels - Tanker berths - Tanker swinging areas - Others berths / terminals - Anchorage - Leisure areas Ships in Service Training Material A-M CHAUVEL

Data 3 - Ship Types Understanding the processes and people involved. - VLCC / crude tankers - Gas carriers - Product tankers - Tugs - Pilot vessels - Rope boats - Bunker barges - Ferries - General cargo - Naval vessels - Supply vessels - Fishing vessels - Pleasure craft - Floating cranes - Dredgers Ships in Service Training Material A-M CHAUVEL

Data 4 - Ship Movement Understanding the processes and people involved. - Incoming - Outgoing - Movement between berths - Swinging - Incoming coincident with outgoing - Unidentified vessels - Draught restrictions - Speed restrictions - Radar - Navaids - Pilot exemptions - Uncontrolled vessels - Anchoring / weighing anchors - Pilot boarding / disembarking Ships in Service Training Material A-M CHAUVEL

Data 5 - Environmental Conditions Understanding the processes and people involved. - Wind - Sea state - Tide / currents - Radar clutter - Visibility ( precipitation ) - Light / darkness - Temperature - Radio inference - Draught restrictions - Air draught restrictions Ships in Service Training Material A-M CHAUVEL

Data 6 - Ship Functions Understanding the processes and people involved. - Propulsion - Steering - Control / manoeuvring - Electrical - Communications - Navigation - Anchoring - Mooring - Piping and pumping - Safety / Security systems - Cargo handling, loading, storage - Life support Ships in Service Training Material A-M CHAUVEL

Data 7 - Port Based Functions Understanding the processes and people involved. - Navigation markers / lights - Dredging - Pilotage - Port control - Cargo handling, loading, storage - Berth structures - Communications - Emergency services Ships in Service Training Material A-M CHAUVEL

Data 8 - Human Tasks Understanding the processes and people involved. - Vessel scheduling - Pre-entry planning and decision making - Pilot rendezvous with vessel - Tug rendezvous and attachment - Navigation to berth - Berthing and making fast - Loading / unloading operations - Port facilities maintenance Ships in Service Training Material A-M CHAUVEL

Data 9 - Company memory Safety practices Reliable organisation Return of experience Ships in Service Training Material A-M CHAUVEL

Data 9 - Company memory Safety practices Return of experience Reliable organisation Daily Attitude Drills & Training Working Conditions Good Practices Leadership - Recognition Ship Detentions Audit Reports Non Conformity Reports Accident/Incident Reports Near-misses Reports Corrective Action Reports Cargo Claims Ships in Service Training Material A-M CHAUVEL

Matrix for Hazards & Vulnerabilities Hazardous materials Severe local storm Abandoned mine Civil disturbance Transportation Local hazard Radiological Earthquake Dam failure Avalanche Landslide Wildly fire Chemical Terrorism Urban fire Drought Tsunami Volcano Pipeline Rural fire Flood Matrix for Hazards & Vulnerabilities Acid rain Acid cloud Communication loss Contamination - air Contamination - ground Contamination - water Evacuation Fire urban Fire wild land Flood urban Flood rural Fuel supply Hostage Failure bridges Failures buildings Failures road Land slide Medical emergency Mud / rock flow Riot / looting Sabotage Strikes Transportation - air Transportation - marine Transportation - rail Transportation - road Utilities electric Utilities natural gas Utilities sewer Utilities telephone Utilities water This is a generic matrix which could be used for establishing the relationships between an hazard and it impact (potential consequences) on a system analyze during an risk assessment.

Hazards Identification A sample vulnerability matrix is shown. Scores are out 0 to 10. The sum of the scores across the rows indicates the best collective belief of that organization as to the key assets That are most susceptible to possible threats. The sum of the scores in the rows indicates the belief as to the most serious threats the organization faces. The highest individual scores represent critical areas of vulnerability that should be addressed Ships in Service Training Material A-M CHAUVEL

Hazards Identification (FSA) Shipboard Hazards to personnel Hazards Hazards Hazards Asbestos inhalation Burns from caustic liquids & acids Electric shock & Electrocution Falling overboard Pilot ladder & Pilot hoist operation Ships in Service Training Material A-M CHAUVEL

Hazards Identification (FSA) Hazardous substances on board ship Hazards Hazards Hazards Accommodation areas : Deck areas : Machinery spaces : Combustible furnishings Cargo Cabling Cleaning materials in stores Paint, oils, greases etc,… In deck stores Fuel/diesel oil for engines, boilers & incinerators Oil / Fat in gallery equipment Refrigerants Thermal heating fluid systems Ships in Service Training Material A-M CHAUVEL

Hazards Identification (FSA) Potential sources of ignition Hazards Hazards Hazards General : Accommodation areas : Deck areas : Electric arc Electronic navigation equipment Deck lighting Friction Laundry facilities : Funnel exhaust emissions Hot surface - Irons, Hot work sparking Incendiary spark - Washing machines Machinery spaces : Naked flame - Tumble driers Air compressor units Radio waves - Other Generator engine exhaust manifold Ships in Service Training Material A-M CHAUVEL

Hazards Identification (FSA) Hazards external to the ship Hazards Hazards Hazards Storms Lightning Uncharted submerged objects Other ships Ships in Service Training Material A-M CHAUVEL

Hazards Identification (FSA) A sample vulnerability matrix is shown. Scores are out 0 to 10. The sum of the scores across the rows indicates the best collective belief of that organization as to the key assets That are most susceptible to possible threats. The sum of the scores in the rows indicates the belief as to the most serious threats the organization faces. The highest individual scores represent critical areas of vulnerability that should be addressed Ships in Service Training Material A-M CHAUVEL

? Hazards Identification (IMO) Contact (1%) Grounding Stranding (21%) Foundered (44%) ? Adverse weather High speed Technical circumstances Stress Social hierarchy on board Speed Practices Fatigue Poor planning Ships loss Management deficiencies Training Reduction of crew Defective equipment Design Blind eyes to procedures Lack of attention Communication failures Careless overconfidence Error of judgement Excessive speed Fire Explosion (16%) Collision (12%) Ships in Service Training Material A-M CHAUVEL

Hazards Identification Mishap in the Straits of Malacca Type of Casualty 1978 -1994 Number % Share Fire/Explosion Foundered/Wrecked/Stranded Sprang leak/Engine Trouble Collision Other 81 153 123 101 17 32 26 21 4 Ships in Service Training Material A-M CHAUVEL

? Mishap in the Straits of Malacca Collision (21%) Engine trouble (26%) Foundered (32%) ? Ships loss Fire Explosion (17%) Other (4%) Ships in Service Training Material A-M CHAUVEL