Topic: Ecology Aim: Describe symbiotic relationships that exist between organisms. Do Now: Take out your ecology reading notes packet. Work on the Evolution Review Ditto - #’s 5, 7, 8 with your 3 o’clock partner (4 MINUTES) HW: Study for tomorrow’s Evolution exam. Bring your textbook to class tomorrow! 3rd marking period CL quarterly must be completed by tonight!!!

5. Describe the conclusion that can be made about the fossils in layer A and B.

7. Describe Darwin’s theory of Natural Selection. 8 7. Describe Darwin’s theory of Natural Selection. 8. State the main points of the theory of Natural Selection.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zSmL2F1t81Q

Two different organisms live in close association with each other Symbiotic relationship

Both organisms benefit (+, +) Mutualism Both organisms benefit (+, +)

The clownfish protects the sea anemone from anemone-eaters, the anemone protects the fish from predators.

Moray Eel with Cleaner Fish The moray eel gets a clean mouth & the cleaner fish gets a meal.

Antelope gets rid of parasites and oxbird gets a meal Antelope with Oxbird Antelope gets rid of parasites and oxbird gets a meal

Ex: Bacteria in large intestine

Bees and flowers

Hummingbirds and flowers

Lichens are made up of an alga that lives within the tissues of a fungus.

Legumes (peas, beans) have nodules on their roots where nitrogen-fixing bacteria can grow.

Commensalism One benefits and the other is not affected (+, 0) Examples:

Remora fish are endowed with an adhesive disk on the dorsal surface of their heads. They use this adhesive disk to “hitch a ride” on larger animals, usually whales, which tend to be sloppy eaters. When food floats away from the whale’s mouth, the remora can unhitch itself and collect the scraps of food floating by. Commensalism is the midpoint of the continuum, in which one partner (called the commensal) benefits, and the other partner (the host) is indifferent to the situation. The example here is the remora and the shark. The dorsal fin of the remora is modified into a sucker with which it forms a temporary attachment to the shark. When the shark feeds, the remora picks up the scraps. The shark makes no attempt to prey on the remora. CLICK

Barnacles attach themselves to surface of whales. In the picture, two barnacles are attached to the shell of a scallop.

Pseudoscorpions are mostly less than 1cm is length Pseudoscorpions are mostly less than 1cm is length. These scorpion-like animals have pincers like scorpions, but lack a sting. A few species of pseudoscorpions disperse by concealing themselves under the wing covers of large beetles such as the cerambycid beetle shown.

One benefits (parasite) and the other is harmed (host) (+, -) Parasitism

TICKS are tiny, parasitic and can carry some nasty diseases, most commonly Lyme disease. They can take anywhere from a matter of minutes up to a couple of hours to start to feed. Ticks are commonly found on animals that are outside, both domesticated and wild. studies have determined that places in warm, humid climates with a high deer population, have a much higher concentration of ticks. The summer months, May through September are the when ticks are the most active.

Tapeworms live in digestive tract

Tapeworms are long, flat parasites that live in the intestines of pigs, cows, and even humans. A tapeworm gets into its host by laying its eggs in the host’s food source. The host eats this food and the eggs develop and grow into tapeworms, which attach themselves to the intestines of their host. Tapeworms feed off the food that the host eats. Tapeworms have been known to live in a human for ten years without being detected!

Roundworms Many roundworm parasitic diseases result from human carelessness and a lack of appropriate personal hygiene and sanitation measures. Roundworms can range in size from those plainly visible to the naked eye to those several hundredths-of-an-inch long and visible only under a microscope. Most eggs or larvae are found in the soil and can be picked up on the hands and transferred to the mouth or can enter through the skin. Mature adult roundworms eventually end up or live in human intestines and cause a variety of health problems.

Hookworms live in the small intestine Hookworms live in the small intestine. Hookworm eggs are passed in the feces of an infected person. If the infected person defecates outside (near bushes, in a garden, or field) of if the feces of an infected person are used as fertilizer, eggs are deposited on soil. They can then mature and hatch, releasing larvae (immature worms). The larvae mature into a form that can penetrate the skin of humans. Hookworm infection is mainly acquired by walking barefoot on contaminated soil. One kind of hookworm can also be transmitted through the ingestion of larvae.

Athlete’s foot Athlete's foot is a rash on the skin of the foot. It is caused by a fungus that grows on or in the top layer of skin. Fungi grow best in warm, wet places, such as the area between the toes. Athlete's foot spreads easily. Most often, people get it by walking barefoot on contaminated surfaces near swimming pools or in locker rooms. Most cases of athlete's foot can be treated at home with over-the-counter lotion, cream, or spray. For bad cases, your doctor may give you a prescription for medicine to put on your skin. You also need to keep your feet clean and dry. Wear shower sandals in shared areas like locker rooms, and use talcum powder to help keep your feet dry. Wear sandals or roomy shoes made of materials that allow moisture to escape.

Mistletoe is a plant that people hang above doorways at Christmas-time Mistletoe is a plant that people hang above doorways at Christmas-time. Before it gets picked and hung inside it grows by living off of other plants. Mistletoe grows on woody plants, taking nutrients and moisture from them. It also “strangles” it—reducing the nutrients that the plant can take in. Mistletoe is considered a parasitic plant, because the mistletoe gets all the benefits, while the woody plant or tree has to support itself as well as the mistletoe.

The Catalpa Worm is being parasitized by tiny wasp larvae The Catalpa Worm is being parasitized by tiny wasp larvae.  The adult wasps sting the caterpillar, injecting their eggs. The eggs hatch and devour the caterpillar from the inside, being careful not to disrupt any vital functions.  Eventually they emerge and spin cocoons of silk in which they transition from larvae to adult. 

http://www. youtube. com/watch. v=zSmL2F1t81Q http://www. youtube http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zSmL2F1t81Q http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rLtUk-W5Gpk http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DxL2qHBetvI

Let’s summarize… Describe symbiotic relationships. Identify the 3 types of symbiotic relationships and explain the difference between them.

Which statement is best supported by the information shown in the pyramid?  (1.) Chipmunks and insects can occupy the same niche.  (2.) As the number of bears in this community increases, the number of chipmunks will increase.  (3.) Insects are classified as omnivores in alpine meadow communities.  (4.) The number of organisms in each level decreases as energy is transferred from one level to another.

Identify the producers in this food web. Identify a primary consumer. Identify a secondary consumer.

Which level of this pyramid would contain producer organisms?  If birds eat insects that feed on corn, which pyramid level would birds occupy?  As one progresses from level D to level A in this pyramid, what happens to the amount of energy?

A symbiotic relationship exists between two organisms of different species. If only one organism benefits from the relationship and the other is not harmed, the relationship is known as  (1.) mutualism  (2.) commensalism  (3.) parasitism (4.) saprophytism

The American dogwood, a flowering tree of NY State's woodlands, has been attacked by a fungal disease specific to this tree species. Many dogwoods have died because fungicides have not proven effective in fighting the spread of this disease. Which term best describes the relationship between the dogwood trees and the fungus? (1.) parasitism  (2.) mutualism  (3.) commensalism  (4.) saprophytism

Select the term from the list below that is most closely associated with the following statement. parasitism  commensalism  competition mutualism  saprophytism The roots of a mistletoe plant absorb nutrients from living oak trees, causing some damage to the tissues of the trees. 2. Protozoans living in the intestine of a termite secrete enzymes that digest cellulose, providing digestive end products of value to both organisms. 3. Certain fungi use dead organic matter for food.

The relationship between fleas and a dog is most similar to the relationship between (1.) honeybees and flower  (2.) orchids and a tree  (3.) nitrogen-fixing bacteria and a legume (4.) athlete's foot fungus and a human

(1.) grasshopper (2.) fish (3.) light (4.) hawk Which is an abiotic factor that functions as a limiting factor for the autotrophs in the ecosystem shown? (1.) grasshopper  (2.) fish  (3.) light  (4.) hawk

Identify each labeled structure on the right and describe the function of each structure.

Which material cycle is represented in the diagram?