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Origin of Eukaryotic Organelles Multicellular Animals MyxozoansProtozoans Tracheophytes Bryophytes True Fungi Slime Molds Red algae Brown Algae Green Algae Chrysophytes EuglenoidsArchezoans Archaea Bacteria Original Cell Extant Extinct Cyanobacterium endosymbiosis Eukaryotes ARE Chimeras! Eubacterium endosymbiosis Though sketched here as single events, these endosymbioses were very likely multiple events! Kingdom Protista

Archezoans “Protozoan parasites without mitochondria or Golgi” Oldest nucleated cells  Diverged from other Eukaryotes 2bybp… prior to ER and Golgi evolution  Lack peroxisomes  Ribosomes are 70S but NOT 80S 400 species (many more likely unknown parasites!) Three phyla: 1.Archaeamoebae/Pelobiontida (Pelomyxa) 2.Metamonada (Giardia) 3.Microsporidia

Uroid Glycogen body Vacuoles Pseudopodia Endosymbiotic bacteria Pelomyxa palustris Free-living in freshwater sediment (microaerophilic) Phagocytosis active At least 3 species of endosymbiont in each cell…two species are methanogenic archaeons! Anterior uroid (macropseudopodium) for amoeboid movement Smaller pseudopodia do not enlarge Accumulate glycogen reserves

urr/pelomyxapalustris.html uk.org.uk/micropolitan/fresh/protozoa/frame3.html Reproduction: Nuclei “Daughter” Amoeba Mitosis of nucleus Cytokinesis by furrowing What would you suggest has been a large component of this individual’s phagocytosis diet?

Trichonympha Termite gut protist symbiont lacking mitochondria Protist has bacterial endosymbionts making cellulase for digesting wood particles taken in by phagocytosis And spirochete ectosymbionts for motility spirochetes wood particles and bacteria nucleus

Figure 7-00 Page 119 nucleus microtubules microfilaments

A TEM cross section of a cilium of a protist. It shows the basic structure of all eukaryotic flagella… There are nine doublets of microtubules surrounding one pair. They are contained in cell membrane and surrounded by cytosol. The interaction of calcium, ATP and the proteins associated with the microtubules permit the microtubules to flexibly interact resulting in flagellar or ciliary motion. The flexible eukaryotic flagellum made of tubulin is sometimes called an undulipodium. Flagella are found in Protista Chromista and Animalia, but not in Rhodophyta, higher Plantae or Fungi.