KINGDOMS OF LIFEre 18-13 Cladogram of Six Kingdoms and Three Domains Section 18-3 Fungi Animalia Archaebacteria Plantae Protista Kingdoms Eubacteria Eubacteria Archaebacteria Protista Plantae Fungi Animalia

Prokaryotes vs Eukaryotes Pro = earlier, prior to, pre Eu = good, true, think new

Vocabulary Prokaryote – organisms with cell(s) that do not contain a nucleus (simple) Eukaryote – organisms with cell(s) that have a nucleus (more complex) Autotroph - organisms that make their own food Heterotroph - organisms that ingest of absorb their food Unicellular – organism consisting of only one cell Multicellular – organism consisting of more than one cell

Kingdom Archaebacteria First life forms Prokaryotes (no nucleus) Unicellular Cell Walls Autotrophs (producers = make own food) Heterotrophs (need to eat others) Methanogens (producers - eat methane) Live in extreme environments (hot, cold, no oxygen) Discovered in 1983

Kingdom Eubacteria Prokaryotes (no nucleus) Unicellular Cell wall Autotrophs (producers) or Heterotrophs (consumers, decomposers) E-Coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Cyanobacteria

OLD BioEd Online The six-kingdom system The OLD five-kingdom system Bacteria Archaea Protista Plantae Fungi Animalia The OLD five-kingdom system Monera Protista Plantae Fungi Animalia OLD Kingdoms and Domains In the 18th Century, organisms were considered to belong to one of two kingdoms, Animalia or Plantae. As biologists gathered more information about the diverse forms of life on Earth, it became evident that the two-kingdom system did not accurately reflect relationships among different groups of organisms, and the number of kingdoms increased. In 1969, Robert Whittaker proposed a five-kingdom system consisting of monerans, protists, fungi, plants and animals. In the last few years, comparative studies of nucleotide sequences of genes coding for ribosomal RNA and other proteins have allowed biologists to recognize important distinctions between bacteria and archaebacteria. The graphic on this slide illustrates the phylogenetic relationships drawn from this information using a three-domain and a six-kingdom arrangement, compared to the traditional five kingdom system. References Woese, C. R. & Fox, G. E. (1977). Phylogenetic structure of the prokaryotic domain: the primary kingdoms. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 74(11), 5088-90. BioEd Online

Kingdom Protista Eukaryotes (cells with nucleus and membrane-bound organelles) Mostly unicelluar, but some multicellular (algae) Cell wall Autotrophs (producers) or Heterotrophs (consumers) Amoebas, Paramecium, Slime molds, Algae (seaweed) Animal-like, plant-like, fungus-like

Amoeba Slime mold Paramecium Kelp (seaweed)

Kingdom Fungi Eukaryotes (cells with nucleus and membrane-bound organelles) Most multicellular; some unicellular Cell wall Heterotrophs decomposers consumers (yeast) Mushrooms, yeast, molds

Mold Yeast

Kingdom Plantae Eukaryotes All multicellular Cell wall (cells with nucleus and membrane-bound organelles) All multicellular Cell wall Autotrophs (Photosynthesis) - producers Mosses, ferns, flowering plants, conifers

Mosses Ferns Conifers (needles, cones)

Kingdom Animalia Eukaryotes All multicellular NO cell wall (cells with nucleus and membrane-bound organelles) All multicellular NO cell wall Heterotrophs (consumers) Sponges, jellyfish, coral, worms, starfish, clams, crabs, fishes, sharks, frogs, salamanders, lizards, turtles, birds, mammals

Coral Reef: sponges, coral (a type of sea anemone), fishes, zooplankton

Sponges, sea anemones, jellyfish, Sponges, sea anemones, jellyfish, Fishes, amphibians, Worms, mussels, squid, octopus, reptiles, birds, mammals shrimp, starfish, sea urchins.

Organization of Life