General Zoology Unit Six

The Amniotic Egg

Amniote Skull Types

Class Reptilia All five chordate hallmark characteristics Endoskeleton of bone Tough, leathery skin covered in scales (claws) Most are carnivores, but some are herbivores or omnivores Closed double looped circulatory system with a ventral three chambered heart (one exception) Respiration entirely with lungs Regulatory ectotherms

Class Reptilia Excretion through metanephric kidneys, with uric acid as the form of nitrogenous waste Nervous system of brain and dorsal nerve cord - all five senses well developed in various groups Reproduction - dioecious, internal fertilizers that produce amniotic eggs Most are tetrapods

Reptilian Evolutionary Pressures Water retention and conservation Food capture Obtaining oxygen More efficient circulation Limb and muscle design Advanced sensory abilities Reproduction

Reptilian Taxonomy Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Subphylum Vertebrata Superclass Gnathostomata Class Reptilia (7100 species) Subclass Anapsida Order Testudines Ex. - Terrapene, Chelonia

Reptilian Taxonomy Class Reptilia (7100 species) Subclass Diapsida Superorder Lepidosauria Order Squamata (snakes, lizards) Suborder Amphisbaenia Ex. - Rhineura Suborder Lacertilia Ex. - Crotaphytus, Sceloporus Suborder Serpentes Ex. - Crotalus, Lampropeltis

Reptilian Taxonomy Class Reptilia (7100 species) Subclass Diapsida Superorder Archosauria Order Crocodilia Ex. - Alligator, Caiman Order Saurischia Suborder Theropoda (bird ancestors) Subclass Synapsida Order Therapsida (mammal ancestors)

Order Testudines

Order Squamata

Suborder Amphisbaenia

Suborder Serpentes

Suborder Serpentes

Suborder Lacertilia

Order Crocodilia

Order Crocodilia

Order Crocodilia

General Zoology Unit Six Objective Seven

Class Aves All five chordate hallmark characteristics Anatomy highly adapted for flight Endoskeleton made of pneumatic bones Short body with a disproportionately long neck Paired appendages (the first pair being wings) Body covered with feathers (except lower legs) Closed, double looped circulatory system with a four chambered heart

Class Aves Respiration entirely with lungs in conjunction with air sacs All are homeothermic endotherms Excretion carried out by paired metanephric kidneys with uric acid the form of nitrogenous waste (no urinary bladder) Nervous system with dorsal brain and nerve cord - excellent sense of sight Reproductively dioecious, internal fertilizers that lay amniotic eggs

Avian Origins

Avian Origins

Avian Origins

Avian Taxonomy Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Subphylum Vertebrata Superclass Gnathostomata Class Aves (9600 species) Subclass Archaeornithes Ex. - Archaeopteryx

Avian Taxonomy Class Aves (9600 species) Subclass Neornithes Superorder Paleognathae (ratites) Order Struthioniformes (ostriches) Order Rheiformes (rheas) Order Casuariiformes (emus and cassowaries) Order Apterygiformes (kiwis)

Avian Taxonomy Class Aves (9600 species) Subclass Neornithes Superorder Neognathae Order Sphenisciformes (penguins) Order Pelecaniformes (pelicans) Order Ciconiiformes (herons, storks) Order Anseriformes (ducks, geese) Order Falconiformes (falcons, eagles)

Avian Taxonomy Class Aves (9600 species) Subclass Neornithes Superorder Neognathae Order Galliformes (chickens, turkeys) Order Charadriiformes (gulls, terns) Order Columbriformes (pigeons, doves) Order Psittaciformes (parrots) Order Strigiformes (owls)

Avian Taxonomy Class Aves (9600 species) Subclass Neornithes Superorder Neognathae Order Apodiformes (hummingbirds) Order Piciformes (woodpeckers) Order Passeriformes (perching birds)

Feather Structure Rachis Calamus

Feather Types

Adaptations for Flight

Avian Wing Design

Avian Digestion

Avian Digestion

Avian Circulation

General Zoology Unit Six Objective Sixteen

Avian Respiration

Avian Respiration

Avian Thermoregulation

Avian Coordination

Avian Coordination

Avian Migration Three main causes: Genetic Physiological Environmental

General Zoology Unit Six Objective Twenty

Avian Reproduction known species are monogamous are polygamous † 90% of all known species are monogamous † The other 10% are polygamous

Avian Reproduction † Altricial † Precocial

Class Mammalia All five chordate hallmark characteristics Skin produces hair and claws Endoskeleton made of bone Teeth specializations for exploitation of food All have a secondary palate Respiration carried out entirely by lungs Closed, double looped circulatory system with a four chambered heart

Class Mammalia All are tetrapods All are homeothermic endotherms Excretion carried out by paired metanephric kidneys with urea the form of nitrogenous waste Nervous system with dorsal brain and nerve cord - excellent sense of sight Reproductively dioecious, internal fertilizers with aminotic eggs and milk production

Mammal Origins

Mammal Origins

Mammal Taxonomy Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Subphylum Vertebrata Superclass Gnathostomata Class Mammalia (4600 species) Subclass Prototheria Order Monotremata (oviparous mammals) Ex. – Ornithorhynchus

Mammal Taxonomy Class Mammalia (4600 species) Subclass Theria Infraclass Metatheria (viviparous pouched mammals) Order Marsupialia Ex. - Didelphis

Mammal Taxonomy Class Mammalia (4600 species) Subclass Theria Infraclass Eutheria (viviparous placental mammals) Order Insectivora (shrews) Order Chiroptera (bats) Order Primates (humans, monkeys, apes) Order Xenarthra (armadillos, sloths)

Mammal Taxonomy Class Mammalia (4600 species) Subclass Theria Infraclass Eutheria (viviparous placental mammals) Order Lagomorpha (rabbits, hares) Order Rodentia (rats, squirrels, beavers) Order Carnivora (dogs, cats, bears, seals) Order Proboscidea (elephants)

Mammal Taxonomy Class Mammalia (4600 species) Subclass Theria Infraclass Eutheria (viviparous placental mammals) Order Sirenia (manatees) Order Perissodactyla (odd toed ungulates) Order Artiodactyla (even toed ungulates) Order Cetacea (whales, dolphins)

Mammal Integument

Mammal Integument Pelage * guard hairs * underhairs * vibrissae Underhairs * wool * fur * velli Guard hairs * awns * bristles * spines Growth types * angora * definitive

Mammal Integument

Antlers

Mammal Dentition

Mammal Digestion

Evolution of the Mammalian Jaw and Inner Ear

Mammal Coordination

Mammal Circulation

Mammal Respiration

Mammal Excretion

Mammal Reproduction Three reproductive strategies * monotremes (oviparous) * marsupials (pouched viviparous) * placentals (placental

Monotremes - egg laying mammals with a cloaca Mammal Reproduction Monotremes - egg laying mammals with a cloaca

Mammal Reproduction Marsupials - pouched, viviparous mammals with a very short gestation period

Placentals - viviparous mammals with a long gestation period Mammal Reproduction Placentals - viviparous mammals with a long gestation period