Nano 101: Exploring the Nanoworld Because of movies, increase slide number by 7 when trying to estimate timing So if I want a 45 minute talk, and generally I would want 45 slides, because of the movies I now need 38 slides Lizzie Hager-Barnard, Lawrence Hall of Science

Topics What is nano? How do properties change at the nanoscale? Are nano products safe? What are some careers related to nanotechnology?

Intro to Nano http://www.nisenet.org/catalog/media/intro_nano_video

How Small is Nano? http://www.nisenet.org/catalog/media/how_small_nano_video

What is Nanotechnology? Nanotechnology involves manipulating matter at unprecedentedly small scales to create new or improved products that can be used in a wide variety of ways. http://www.nsf.gov/statistics/seind12/pdf/c07.pdf

Nanotechnology: Small, Different, New Key ideas: The nanometer is extremely small. At the nanometer scale, materials may behave differently. We can harness this new behavior to make new technologies.

Why Nano Education? Drawbacks Advantages Not inherently interesting (compared to dinosaurs!) Below visible threshold, younger kids have problems visualizing Unexpected properties Fun! Breaks down disciplinary boundaries Cutting-edge Relevant to future jobs and careers

Nano Not Widely Understood National Science Board's Science and Engineering Indicators 2012 “24% of Americans report having heard ‘a lot’ or ‘some’ about nanotechnology, up four percentage points from 2008 and 2006” “44% of Americans report having heard ‘nothing at all’ about nanotechnology” Americans remain largely unfamiliar with nano- technology, despite increased funding and a growing numbers of products on the market that use nanotechnology. In Europe, 45% of survey respondents said they had heard of nanotechnology on the 2010 Eurobarometer, which described nanotechnology in terms of consumer product applications. Overall, 44% of Europeans agreed that nanotechnology should be encouraged, 35% disagreed, and 22% had no opinion about this issue (Gaskell et al. 2010). National Science Board's Science and Engineering Indicators 2012 http://www.nsf.gov/statistics/seind12/pdf/c07.pdf

An Interdisciplinary Endeavor Chemistry Biology Physics Engineering Nanoscience & Nanotechnology Medicine Materials Science Biotechnology Information Technology

What is Nano?

How Big is a Nanometer? http://www.nisenet.org/catalog

How Big is a Nanometer? http://www.nisenet.org/catalog

How Big is a Nanometer? http://www.nisenet.org/catalog

How Big is a Nanometer? http://www.nisenet.org/catalog

How Big is a Nanometer? http://www.nisenet.org/catalog

How Big is a Nanometer? http://www.nisenet.org/catalog

How Big is a Nanometer? http://www.nisenet.org/catalog

How Big is a Nanometer? http://www.nisenet.org/catalog

How Big is a Nanometer? http://www.nisenet.org/catalog

How Big is a Nanometer? http://www.nisenet.org/catalog

How Big is a Nanometer? http://www.nisenet.org/catalog

How Big is a Nanometer? In the time it takes to read this sentence, your fingernails will have grown approximately one nanometer (1 nm). http://www.starling-fitness.com/archives/2006/07/14/i-dont-bite-my-fingernails-anymore-part-1/ www.starling-fitness.com

How Big is a Nanometer? If you could paint a teaspoon of paint one nanometer thick, how much area would it cover? ? A football field is 5400 m^2. This takes 0.0054L of pain, which is equal to roughly 1 teaspoon! Joon Han and Justin Smith / Wikimedia Commons

How Big is a Nanometer? If you could paint a teaspoon of paint one nanometer thick, how much area would it cover? A football field is 5400 m^2. This takes 0.0054L of pain, which is equal to roughly 1 teaspoon! Joon Han, Justin Smith, Kbh3rd, The Anomebot, Pete Markham / Wikimedia Commons

How Big is a Nanometer? To cover a football field with a 1nm thick layer of paint, you would need just 1 teaspoon of paint! Joon Han and Justin Smith / Wikimedia Commons

How Big is a Nanometer? Sugar cubes How many sugar molecules in a sugar cube? What do we need to know (estimate)? Sugar cube = (1 cm)3 1 sugar molecule = (1 nm)3 \ 1021 sugar molecules in a sugar cube http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sugar_Cubes_-_Kolkata_2011-11-15_7023.JPG http://mrsec.wisc.edu/Edetc/IPSE/educators/activities/nanoSugar.html Biswarup Ganguly / Wikimedia Commons

Activity: Measure Yourself http://www.nisenet.org/catalog

Did Scientists “Create” Nano? No, it was already in nature! Heart and blood vessel Blood cell and platelet Cholesterol particle, proteins, other molecules centimeters to micrometers micrometers nanometers http://www.nisenet.org/catalog

Did Scientists “Create” Nano? No, it was already in nature! Wing and wing scale Wing scale Scale ridge, ridge microrib, chitin fibrils and molecules centimeters to micrometers micrometers nanometers http://www.nisenet.org/catalog

Smallness Leads to New Properties Sometimes gravity loses! http://www.nisenet.org/catalog

Smallness Leads to New Properties Surface area is really important! http://www.nisenet.org/catalog

Surface Areas at the Nanoscale 1 cm cubes 1 mm cubes 1 nm cubes http://www.nano.gov/nanotech-101/special

How Surface Area Scales (Changes) For a fixed total volume, decreasing the radius by a factor of two doubles the surface Crushing a 1cm particle into nano particles increases the surface area thousands of times!

How Surface Area Scales (Changes) 1 nm particles  1010 m2 1 micron particles  107 m2 1 cm particles  103 m2 nano

Smallness Leads to New Properties Bulk Gold Bulk Aluminum Reactivity Melting point Strength Conductivity Color Nano Gold Nano Aluminum http://www.carterrecycling.com/myimages/aluminum_cans.jpg http://healthewoman.org/2008/11/11/how-healthy-is-your-workplace/ http://mrsec.wisc.edu/Edetc/nanolab/gold/images/goldp6.jpg http://texasenterprise.org/article/warren-buffet-and-new-calculus-gold

Nano and Me - Aluminum http://www.nisenet.org/catalog

Stained Glass: Size Matters Gold particles http://www.cas.muohio.edu/nanotech/education/k_12.html http://www.horiba.com/scientific/

Stained Glass: Size and Shape Matter For particle diameters between ap- proximately 100 and 30 nm (i.e., for particles containing between approximately 30 million and 1 million gold atoms) the particles change from red or yellow, to green or blue. the particle’s color is determined by its size. Quite amazingly, these colored gold particles have been known since the Middle Ages, when they were used to make beautiful colors in stained glass windows. it is only in the last few years that we have begun to understand the size-de- pendent changes that occur in gold and other metallic nanoparticles. the size of a nanoparticle determines the character of its surface plasmons, a type of collective motion of the electrons within the particle that gives rise to its color. the strong dependence of the particle’s characteristics (in this case its color) on the size of the particle is one of the key features of nanoscience. With our understanding of the nature of the color changes comes the opportunity to tune the particles to achieve the behavior we desire. Controlling the Quantum World: The Science of Atoms, Molecules, and Photons, 2007

Stained Glass: Size and Shape Matter For particle diameters between ap- proximately 100 and 30 nm (i.e., for particles containing between approximately 30 million and 1 million gold atoms) the particles change from red or yellow, to green or blue. the particle’s color is determined by its size. Quite amazingly, these colored gold particles have been known since the Middle Ages, when they were used to make beautiful colors in stained glass windows. it is only in the last few years that we have begun to understand the size-de- pendent changes that occur in gold and other metallic nanoparticles. the size of a nanoparticle determines the character of its surface plasmons, a type of collective motion of the electrons within the particle that gives rise to its color. the strong dependence of the particle’s characteristics (in this case its color) on the size of the particle is one of the key features of nanoscience. With our understanding of the nature of the color changes comes the opportunity to tune the particles to achieve the behavior we desire. Controlling the Quantum World: The Science of Atoms, Molecules, and Photons, 2007

Stained Glass: Size and Shape Matter For particle diameters between ap- proximately 100 and 30 nm (i.e., for particles containing between approximately 30 million and 1 million gold atoms) the particles change from red or yellow, to green or blue. the particle’s color is determined by its size. Quite amazingly, these colored gold particles have been known since the Middle Ages, when they were used to make beautiful colors in stained glass windows. it is only in the last few years that we have begun to understand the size-de- pendent changes that occur in gold and other metallic nanoparticles. the size of a nanoparticle determines the character of its surface plasmons, a type of collective motion of the electrons within the particle that gives rise to its color. the strong dependence of the particle’s characteristics (in this case its color) on the size of the particle is one of the key features of nanoscience. With our understanding of the nature of the color changes comes the opportunity to tune the particles to achieve the behavior we desire. Controlling the Quantum World: The Science of Atoms, Molecules, and Photons, 2007

Stained Glass: Size and Shape Matter Particle shape also affects the color! The nanoparticles in the yellow sample are spherical in shape, while the particles in the order magenta, orange, green, light blue, and dark blue colored samples are nanoplatelets of increasing aspect ratios. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Native_gold_nuggets.jpg http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Native_gold_nuggets.jpg http://www.cat.gov.in/technology/laser/lpas/pps.html

Activity: Nano Fabric and Magic Sand http://www.nisenet.org/catalog http://www.stevespanglerscience.com/product/magic-sand

nano-roughened surface Activity: Nano Fabric water air nano-roughened surface http://www.nisenet.org/catalog

Zoom into a Lotus Leaf http://www.nisenet.org/catalog

Activity: Nano Sunblock Some sunscreen use chemicals Other sunscreens use zinc oxide http://vitaderminstitute.com/vita-skin-care/new-sunscreen-guidelines-and-what-they-mean-to-you/ http://www.nisenet.org/catalog vitaderminstitute.com/

Sunscreens vs Sunblocks, Continued How could sunscreen and sunblock work? Sunscreen/Sunblock Sunscreen/Sunblock Sunscreen/Sunblock Skin Skin Skin Absorption Reflection Transmission 46

Sunscreens vs Sunblocks, Continued How could sunscreen and sunblock work? Sunscreen/Sunblock Sunscreen/Sunblock Sunscreen/Sunblock Skin Skin Skin Absorption Reflection Transmission Sunscreens and sunblocks both usually work through absorption of UV rays Sunblocks are better because they absorb more of the UV rays 47

Inorganic Sunblocks Absorb UV Better ideal UVB UVA visible most UVC is absorbed by the ozone layer and does not reach the earth 48

Nano Sunblock Traditional zinc oxide sun blocks are very visible Should see if I can demo this myself Traditional zinc oxide sun blocks are very visible Modern zinc oxide sun blocks are fairly invisible after application vitaderminstitute.com/ http://www.tackletour.com/reviewbluelizard.html

Nano Sunblock Same black:white ratio Can see larger white circles much better http://www.nisenet.org/catalog

Particles need to be really small to be less noticeable! Nano Sunblock Particles need to be really small to be less noticeable!

Nano ZnO and TiO2 Reflect Less Light UVB UVA visible ideal 52

Similar to Halftone Printing http://desktoppub.about.com/od/scanninggraphics/ss/color_to_bw_6.htm

Activity: Gummy Capsules When the liquid droplets come into contact with the salt water, a chemical reaction takes place and creates a polymer. http://vitaderminstitute.com/vita-skin-care/new-sunscreen-guidelines-and-what-they-mean-to-you/ http://www.nisenet.org/catalog

What’s a Polymer? Polymers are made up of many many molecules all strung together to form really long chains (and sometimes more complicated structures, too). Examples of polymers Where do you find polymers? http://pslc.ws/macrog/kidsmac/index.htm

Activity: Graphene http://www.nisenet.org/catalog

Forms of Carbon Phase can be really important! Diamond Graphite Graphene Nanotube Buckyball Diamond Graphite Phase can be really important! Structure/bonding really affect properties Diamond is one of the hardest materials Graphite is soft and slippery; it’s a good lubricant http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Diamond_and_graphite2.jpg http://www.intechopen.com/source/html/16991/media/image2.png

Activity: Mitten Challenge http://www.nisenet.org/catalog

Why We Need “Special” Microscopes Can you see nanoscale objects with a regular optical microscope? Let’s say that the smallest object you can resolve with your eyes is about 0.1 – 0.2 mm which is 100,000 – 200,000 nm With a 100x objective, you should be able to resolve objects that are 1000 – 2000 nm So, with a 1000x objective, we should be able to resolve objects that are 100 – 200nm, right? http://www.nanoscience.gatech.edu/zlwang/research/tem.html

Why We Need “Special” Microscopes Can you see nanoscale objects with a regular optical microscope? 100 nm particle Particles on the nanoscale interact differently with light! http://www.yorktech.com/science/craig/PHS/Graphics/EM_spectrum.jpg

Diffraction Limit Diffraction Model Affects characterization techniques Also important for photolithography http://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulation/wave-interference http://cnx.org/content/m25448/latest/graphics1.jpg

Types of “Special” Microscopes Optical microscope Scanning electron microscope Transmission electron microscope SEMs can resolve things 1-5nm; SEMs: 10x – 500kx  in SEM you usually see the secondary electrons that are produced (not really the same as reflection) SEMs and TEMs are different because they use electrons, not light For regular microscopes, you can also look at reflection and transmission http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_microscope http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scanning_electron_microscope http://itg.beckman.illinois.edu/microscopy_suite/equipment/TEM/

Types of “Special” Microscopes Scanning electron microscope Transmission electron microscope SEMs can resolve things 1-5nm; SEMs: 10x – 500kx  in SEM you usually see the secondary electrons that are produced (not really the same as reflection) SEMs and TEMs are different because they use electrons, not light For regular microscopes, you can also look at reflection and transmission http://www.nhm.ac.uk/research-curation/science-facilities/analytical-imaging/imaging/high-resolution-sem/ultra-plus/examples/index.html http://www.princeton.edu/~cml/html/research/templated_ceramics.html

Activity: Special Microscopes http://www.nisenet.org/catalog

A Boy And His Atom: The World's Smallest Movie http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oSCX78-8-q0

Scanning Probe Microscopy (SPM) http://virtual.itg.uiuc.edu/training/AFM_tutorial/ Also have downloaded file

Scanning Probe Microscopy (SPM) Images of a fibroblast cell from an optical microscope (using fluorescence) and an atomic force microscope Scanning Probe Microscopy (SPM) is a branch of microscopy that forms images of surfaces using a physical probe that scans the specimen. An image of the surface is obtained by mechanically moving the probe in a raster scan of the specimen, line by line, and recording the probe-surface interaction as a function of position. SPM was founded with the invention of the scanning tunneling microscope in 1981. A fibroblast is a type of cell that synthesizes the extracellular matrix and collagen,[1] the structural framework (stroma) for animal tissues, and plays a critical role in wound healing. Fibroblasts are the most common cells of connective tissue in animals. http://www.nisenet.org/catalog/programs/exploring_tools_-_special_microscopes_nanodays_08_09_10_11 http://www.asylumresearch.com/Gallery

What Can You Do with SPM? Measure surface topography (“hills”, “valleys”) Measure roughness http://www.asylumresearch.com/Gallery

What Can You Do with SPM? Measure surface topography (“hills”, “valleys”) Measure roughness Measure electrical/chemical properties Müller et al. Nature Chemical Biology 2009 Müller and Dufrêne Nature Nanotechnology 2008

What Can You Do with SPM? Measure surface topography (“hills”, “valleys”) Measure roughness Measure electrical/chemical properties Measure material properties (elasticity, strength) cancer cell normal cell Cross Nature 2007

What Can You Do with SPM? all cells Measure surface topography (“hills”, “valleys”) Measure roughness Measure electrical/chemical properties Measure material properties (elasticity, strength) cancer cells normal cells Cross Nature 2007

What Can You Do with SPM? Measure surface topography (“hills”, “valleys”) Measure roughness Measure electrical/chemical properties Measure material properties (elasticity, strength) Move atoms! http://www.thenanoage.com/visualization-manipulation.htm

Silver: Great Idea! Used to prevent spoilage throughout history 1800’s: silver used for ulcers 1920’s: used in wound management Multiple studies found it prevents and inhibits the growth of bacteria

Nano Silver Products http://www.samsung.com/, http://www.conair.com/, http://www.diabeticsocks4less.com/diabeticcare, http://mrsec.wisc.edu/

Silver: Always a Good Idea? Overdose of macro silver causes Argyria Inhibits “good bacteria” Prevents photosynthesis in algae Toxicity of nano silver still unknown http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argyria

Wonders and Worries of Nano http://www.nisenet.org/catalog

Consumer Products with Nano Any technology has risks and benefits Who should make decisions about whether to use certain nanotechnologies? Should doctors use nanosilver catheters to prevent infections? What about using a nanosilver washing machine? http://www.nisenet.org/catalog

Would you use a dangerous technology? Gasoline can be dangerous, too! To make gas safer, there are regulations for producing, transporting and using it safely How can we think ahead so we reduce the risks associate with new nanotechnologies? http://www.nisenet.org/catalog

Applications of Nanotechnology Nanotechnology could change how we create, transmit, store, and use energy Examples: super-efficient batteries, low-resistance transmission lines, cheaper solar cells New flexible, thin film solar cells are easier to produce and install, use less material, and are cheaper to make http://www.nisenet.org/catalog

Nanofiltration for Clean Water In many places, people do not have access to clean water Nanofiltration systems are a promising solution to this problem http://www.nisenet.org/catalog

Nanofiltration for Clean Water I shortened this video using QuickTime http://www.lifesaversystems.com/press-media/videos

Nanofiltration for Clean Water http://www.lifesaversystems.com

An Interdisciplinary Endeavor Physics Engineering Chemistry Nanoscience & Nanotechnology Medicine Biotechnology Materials Science Biology Information Technology

Do You Love Nano, Too? http://www.nisenet.org/catalog