Bio-Dosimetric Relationalship of Mobile Phone frequency Exposure and the Safety Criteria School of Environmental Sciences Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi. Amity Institute of Environmental Toxicology Safety and Management Amity University, Noida (U.P). Jitendra Behari

Introduction To Electromagnetic Radiation  Electromagnetic radiation is all around us. We are being bombarded with unseen waves of electric and magnetic charges that may be physically harmful to our bodies.  Waves of energy propagated through space as a result of electric charges. These charges are emitted from devices that produce, transmit, or use electric power.

 Mobile phones operate at a variety of frequencies between about 800 and 2200 MHz.  Mobile Phones base station antennas emit EMR in the range 1800 – 2000 MHz  Computer monitors emit a broad range of EMR from 30 Hz up to 300 KHz.

Problems in Dosimetry

To analyze the possible range of variations of the induced field strengths in the various tissues requires an extensive effort, since the local field strengths strongly depend on a large number of parameters, such as:  Ratio of length of the body to the wavelength (L/λ)  Operational frequency and antenna input power  Position of the device with respect to the head/body  Design of the device  The outer shape of the head  The distribution of the different tissues within the head and  The location of the body with respect to the surroundings  The electric properties of the tissues. The last four factors are different for various individuals and can even change with time.

The induced field data are used for computation of SAR is carried out using the expression: SAR = σ *E 2 /ρ (1) σ = Conductivity (S/m) E = Induced field (V/M) ρ= Density of the material (Kg/m3) SAR can be related to increase in temperature SAR= c* ∆T/∆t (2) ∆T= Change in temperature (°C) ∆t= Duration of exposure (S) c= Specific heat capacity ( J/Kg°C)

σ *E 2 /ρ ≠ c* ∆T/∆t

SAR is also dependent upon if the wave type, that is, square, sine or triangular. The power of the square is larger than the other two. The local SAR refers to the value within a defined unit volume or unit mass, which can be arbitrarily chosen.

Measurement of field distribution: Experimental set up Rat restrainer Anechoic chamber Rat cage

Calibration methodology of power emitted from mobile phone during exposure in animal exposure box

Figure 1. (A) sketch diagram of anechoic chamber with animal cage indicating individual animal’s position. (B) Exposure chamber indicating microwave oven connected with probe and releasing power through horn antenna ( cm). (C) An internal image of exposure chamber at the side of horn antenna. The internal area of chamber is lined with absorbing material.

Exposure set up of 3G mobile phone in Perspex box made of Plexiglass

Angular Probe Posi 0 → Reference point 0→ 1 = 25mm 0→2 = 50 mm 0→3 = 75 mm 0→4 = 100 mm 0→5 = 125 mm 0→6 = 150 mm 1- Monopole Probe 1718 MHz 2- Mobile Phone (Nokia 2730 Classic) 3- Angular Probe Positioner 4- Spectrum Analyzer Agilent N9912A 5- R.F Cable (Low loss) 6- Small Size Rodent Box a = 120 mm b= 45 mm c= 25 mm d= 20 mm e= 25 mm f= 50 mm Ref(0 ) a b c e d MOTORMOTOR MOTORMOTOR Mo b SPECTRUM ANALYZER Model- N9912A SPECTRUM ANALYZER Model- N9912A Angle (0° to 20 ° ) Monopole Probe

SAR in 10 gm phantom Animal Size Box 10 gm box

SAR in brain phantom contained in a Perspex box at various mobile phone locations

SAR Measurement (induced field )in Brain Phantom Contained in a box SAR Measurement in 10 gm Brain Phantom

Exposure Procedure  Frequency – 10 GHz/2-35 GHz  Exposure time – 2 hours/day  Duration – 45 days  Animal age – 70 days old  Animal sex – male rats  Animal weight ± 10 grams  Group – exposed and sham exposed  Power density mW/cm 2  SAR W/kg

RESULTS

Comparative analysis of animal weight Significant decrease (P < 0.006)

Control Exposed Sperm count Apoptosis * * Flow Cytometry analysis of mobile phone exposed and sham exposed Sperm Cells Significant decrease in exposed group, (p<0.02)

GPx,SOD,CAT ControlExposedControlExposedControlExposed Mean  SD       0.75 P value (1 way ANOVA) P=0.0003P=0.0008P= RF/Cell Phone Effect: GPx, SOD, CAT Activity in Brain GPx, SOD  in exposed rats, while CAT 

Comparative study of Micronuclei and Histone Kinase Comparative statistical analysis of mobile phone exposure effect on micronuclei formation in peripheral blood and histone kinase activity in rat sperm showing significant changes in the exposed group as compared to the sham-exposed group (P<0.05)

Testosterone Caspase-3 activity Activity Apoptosis Sham Exposed Exposed * *

Antioxidant activity: Glutathione Peroxidase and Catalase Significant change in GPx and CAT (P < 0.05)

Significant decrease (P < 0.05) Antioxidant activity: Superoxide dismutase

Reactive Oxygen Species Significant increase (P < 0.05

Significant decrease in exposed group (P < 0.05) Melatonin activity in pineal gland

Significant increase in exposed group (P < 0.05) Creatine kinase activity

Caspase-3 activity: Apoptosis Significant increase in exposed group (P < 0.05)

Sperm Protein Kinase C Significant decline (P < 0.05) *

Sperm counts from male Wistar rats exposed to mobile phone radiation Significant set at P<0.005Significant set at P<0.05

The effects of mobile phone on the MDA production in sperm Significantly different form the control (P < 0.05). Significance set at p < 0.05.

It can be concluded that there are various indicators of tumour promotion, due to electromagnetic field exposure,but not limited to the following and can be summarised thus: 1.Increase in ODC and PKC activity. 2.Increase in Ca 2+ efflux. 3.Altered anti oxidant enzyme activity(GX,GSH,Catalase) 4.DNA strand break (single and double) 5.Na + /k + Phosphatase activity 6.Decreased melatonin levels 7.Histone kinase activity Cancer promotion (Stress Development/RF/MW Syndorme)/Effecting reproduction parameters

EMF 50GHz Free Radical Formation Reactive oxygen species (O 2 -, H 2 O 2, OH - ) Antioxidant Enzyme Histone KinaseCell Cycle Estimation Apoptosis G0-G1 Phase S Phase SOD CAT GPx G2-M phase Stress Gene activation/inactivation (free-radicals play active role in gene activation) Infertility Spermatogenesis

Effect of ELF-EMF: Signal transduction Plasma membra ne Cell membran e Signal transduction & amplification Enzymes, Genes, Proteins Nucleu s, DNA Biochemic al messenger Co-operativism + Non linearity + Non-equilibrium thermodynamic behavior Amplifying effect of ELF-EMF Transmembrane coupling of signal to cytoplasm (By soliton waves?)

DNA chain bending  A direct result of equation (7) is the relationship between flowing charge (current), magnetic field, and induced force shown in equation (8) below  Direction of current flow is opposite in 2 wires, applied MF causes repulsion  If DNA helix is considered 2 “wires” carrying charge through electron transport in opposing directions MF exposure may bend chain in some instances I I B F F After time I I

Radio Frequency Radiation Neurons Control Health hazard ? Tumor promoter ? Brain cells Single strand DNA breakDouble strand DNA break Osteoblast Bone Positive effect Fracture healing Ostoep orosis

Mobile phone radiation effect: Head

Typical diagram of antenna system for measurement of emissions from mobile towers

SUMMARY OF EMF MECHANISMS  Chronic exposure to EMF creates free radicals which damage DNA, etc.  EMF depress melatonin synthesis and deprive the body fluids of needed anti- oxidative status.  EMF interfere with evolutionarily developed vital life processes (heart beat, brain signals, wound healing etc)

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