UNIT 6 VITAMINS

Learning Objectives Define vitamins Classify vitamins according to their solubility Explain the difference between fat soluble and water soluble vitamins State the function of fat soluble vitamins

Learning Objectives State the function of water soluble vitamins Describe the sources, daily requirements, deficiency diseases and biochemical role of fat soluble vitamins Describe the sources, daily requirements, deficiency diseases and biochemical role of water soluble vitamins

Vitamins: Supplied in the diet What are Vitamins? Organic compound Found in natural food Required in minute quantities for normal growth, maintenance & reproduction. Vitamins: Supplied in the diet Hormones: produced by the glands in the body

Directly & indirectly affects enzyme activity What are Vitamins? Directly & indirectly affects enzyme activity Some vitamins are co-enzymes or prosthetic groups of enzymes in both plants and animals

What are Vitamins? Differ from organic foodstuffs in the ff. aspects: Vitamins do not enter tissue cultures unlike proteins Unlike CHO, CHON, COOH, vitamins do not undergo degradation for providing energy.

Classification of Vitamins Fat Soluble Vitamins A, D, E, K B complex, C Water Soluble Vitamins

FAT SOLUBLE vs. WATER SOLUBLE Sr.# FAT SOLUBLE WATER SOLUBLE 1 Do not form coenzymes Precursors for coenzymes 2 Are not excreted in the urine; toxic in excessive quantities Are nontoxic; excess amounts are excreted in the urine 3 Are stored extensively Not stored extensively except Vitamin B12

Recommended Daily Allowance Fat Soluble Vitamins Name Sources Recommended Daily Allowance Functions Deficiency diseases Vitamin A Fish liver oils, butter, milk, kidneys and muscle meat Adult: 750ug Children: 300ug Lactating/pregnant mother: 1200ug Helps vision, keeps skin healthy Xerophthalmia Nyctalopia Vitamin D Cholecalciferol “sunshine” vitamin Eggs, butter, fatty fish, fish liver oils Adult: 5ug Children: 10ug Pregnant / Lactation: 10ug Needed for strong teeth and bones Rickets Osteomalacia Osteoporosis Vitamin E Tocopherol Green leafy veg-spinach, cabbage, alfalfa, fish meal, liver, eggs and cheese Male- 15IU Female- 12IU Keeps skin and RBC healthy; antioxidant prevents oxidation of Vit A and unsaturated fatty acids Muscular weakness Creatinuria Fragile RBCs

A child with Rickets & Osteomalacia Osteoporosis

Fat Soluble Vitamins Xerophthalmia

Fat Soluble Vitamins Vitamin E Deficiency

Recommended Daily Allowance Fat Soluble Vitamins Name Sources Recommended Daily Allowance Functions Deficiency diseases Vitamin K Coagulation vitamin Green leafy veg- spinach, cabbage, fish meal, fish liver oils, liver, eggs and cheese Adult: 50-100ug Children: 1 ug/kg Nedded for blood clotting. Essential for the synthesis of clotting factors including prothrombin by liver Retarded / delayed blood clotting

Fat Soluble Vitamins Vitamin K Deficiency

Water Soluble Vitamins Name Sources Recommended Daily Allowance Functions Deficiency diseases B COMPLEX VITAMINS Thiamine (B1) Lean meat, legumes and whole grains 1-1.5 mg per day Needed for healthy nerves Beriberi- a disorder of the NS with dependent edema involving trunk and extremities. Riboflavin (B2) Liver, dried yeast, egg, whole milk, milk powder, fish, whole cereals, legumes and green leafy veg Adult: 1.5mg Pregnancy / Lactation: 1.72 mg Yellow crystalline compound helps cells use energy in foods. FMN and FAD are coenzymes (oxidation reaction in metabolism) Inflammation and break down of tissue around the mouth, tongue and nose, wound healing is impaired.

Water Soluble Vitamins Name Sources Recommended Daily Allowance Functions Deficiency diseases Niacin (B3) formerly known as Nicotinic acid Liver, kidney, heart, yeasts, peanuts and wheat germ. Amino acid tryptophan can supply niacin (60 mg of T= 1 gm niacin) Adult: 20mg Pregnancy: 22 mg Lactation: 25mg Helps cells use energy in foods. Pellagra (N.S with skin rashes and glossitis) Folic Acid Liver, kidney and fresh leafy vegetables, cauliflower Male: 200ug Female: 180ug Transfer of methyl groups as in the synthesis of hemoglobin, nucleic acids and methionine. Megaloblastic anemia GIT disturbances

Water Soluble Vitamins Niacin: Vitamin B3 Deficiency (Pellagra)

Water Soluble Vitamins Name Sources Recommended Daily Allowance Functions Deficiency diseases Biotin Liver, egg yolk, kidney, yeast and milk 200-300 ug As coenzyme for carboxylation reactions in the formation of fatty acids Delay dermatitis Muscle pain Nausea Depression Pyridoxine Yeast, liver, egg yolk and the germs of grains and seeds, less in milk and leafy vegetables Male: 2 mg Female: 1.6 mg Pyridoxal phosphate and pyridoxamine (coenzymes for decarboxylation of amino acids) It is involved in the absorption of zinc by the intestine. Epileptic seizures

Water Soluble Vitamins Dermatitis, Muscle pain, hair loss Deficiency in Biotin

Water Soluble Vitamins Deficiency in Pyridoxine

Water Soluble Vitamins Name Sources Recommended Daily Allowance Functions Deficiency diseases Pantothenic acid Egg yolk, yeast, kidney, lean meats, skimmed milk, sweet potatoes and molasses 4-7 mg Constituents of CoA which is involved in CHO, COOH, CHON metabolism and in the synthesis of cholesterol No deficiency – can be met in ordinary diet Cobalamin (B12) Antipernicious anemia factor Liver, kidney, fish, eggs, milk, oyster and clams. It contains the element cobalt (4.35%) 2 ug Transfer of methyl groups, maintenance of myelin sheath, synthesis of nucleic acids and hemoglobin (metabolism of CHO, COOH) Pernicious anemia, similar to folic acid deficiency

Water Soluble Vitamins Sample of RBCs of Patient who has Pernicious Anemia

Water Soluble Vitamins Name Sources Recommended Daily Allowance Functions Deficiency diseases Vitamin C Ascorbic acid Amla, guava, orange, lemons, lime, papaya, tomatoes, green chillies, green leafy vegetables 50g per day Tissue healing increased, resistance to infection, antioxidant Scurvy, poor healing wound, bleeding gums, mucous membranes loose teeh.

Water Soluble Vitamins Vitamin C Deficiency (Scurvy)

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