Mechanical trauma = Classification Traumatology Mechanical trauma Blunt force injury abrasions bruises or contusions lacerations Sharp force injury incised wounds stabs Fire arm injury shot gun rifled fire arm Classification =

Fire arms identification

FA identification Auto-load shot gun

FA identification Bolt action shot gun

FA identification Pump action shot gun

Double-barrel breech loading shot gun FA identification Double-barrel breech loading shot gun

FA identification Rifled fire arms Revolver

Traumatology Fire arms Bisley Revolver

Traumatology Fire arms Pistol

Revolver with telescope Traumatology Fire arms Revolver with telescope

Traumatology Fire arms Black hawk revolver

Traumatology Fire arms Parts of a cartridge

FA identification Cartridges shot gun rifled fire arm

FA identification Cartridges Revolver Rifle

Traumatology Fire arms Types of gun powder

FA identification Cartridges

FA identification Bullets

Rifled fire arm cartridges FA identification Rifled fire arm cartridges

Rifled fire arm energies FA identification Rifled fire arm energies Type of weapon Muzzle velocity V2 Difference in KE Low velocity 600 ft/s 360000 1x High velocity 900 ft/s 810000 2.3x V high velocity 1400 ft/s 1960000 5.4x Ultra high velocity 2100 ft/s 4410000 12.3x

FA identification Bullets Winchester bullet comparison

FA identification Air gun pellets

Traumatology Fire arms Air gun pellets

Shot gun fire Shots carried in a plastic cup to reduce dispersal FA mechanism Shot gun fire Shots carried in a plastic cup to reduce dispersal

FA identification Trap for test patterns

FA identification Gun shot residue

Gun shot residue (GSR) A GSR grain seen under SEM X 2800 FA identification Gun shot residue (GSR) A GSR grain seen under SEM X 2800

FA identification Fire tank

Traumatology Fire arms Test firing

FA identification Cotton swab kit for GSR collection from wounds

upsetting of bullet leading to bursting of barrel FA phenomena Fire arm phenomena upsetting of bullet leading to bursting of barrel

FA phenomena Fire arm phenomena cg

FA phenomena Fire arm phenomena

Tail wag or yawing of bullet FA phenomena Fire arm phenomena Tail wag or yawing of bullet

FA phenomena Fire arm phenomena Tumbling of bullet

FA phenomena Fire arm phenomena ricochette of bullet 6o-8o

Fire arm phenomena Cookie cutter etching FA phenomena main injury main injury Satellite injuries Fire arm phenomena Cookie cutter etching

FA phenomena Fire arm phenomena 8 ft Billiard ball ricochette 2 ft

Billiard ball ricochet effect FA injury Shot gun injury Billiard ball ricochet effect

Spread of shots after 30 yards FA phenomena unchoked gun Fire arm phenomena quarter choke half choke full choke Choking effect in shot guns Spread of shots after 30 yards

FA phenomena Fire arm phenomena Choking effect in shot guns

Comparison microscope FA identification Comparison microscope

Comparison stereoscope FA identification Comparison stereoscope stage showing a bullet mounted for examination

Comparison stereoscope FA identification Comparison stereoscope With camera and monitor attached

1 2 Cartridge head comparison FA identification crime cartridge test cartridge crime cartridge

Fire arm identification Traumatology Fire arms Fire arm identification Bullet comparison

Gun identification Rifling marks with a twist to the right FA identification Gun identification Rifling marks with a twist to the right

FA identification Bullet comparison crime bullet test bullet

Fire arm identification Traumatology Fire arms Fire arm identification Crime bullet Test bullet Bullet comparison

Fire arm identification Traumatology Fire arms Fire arm identification Land marks on bullet

FA identification Bullet comparison test bullet crime bullet 1 2

Cycle of fire 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Feeding the cartridge Chambering Locking FA injury Cycle of fire 1 Feeding the cartridge Chambering Locking Firing Obturation Unlocking Extraction Ejection 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Traumatology Fire arms Gun identification Extractor marks

‘Products of fire’ 1 flame 2 gases of combustion 3 smoke FA injury ‘Products of fire’ 1 flame 2 gases of combustion 3 2 3 smoke 4 4 burning powder 1 6 1 2 5 5 unburnt powder 2 6 projectile 3

Effects of products of fire FA injury Effects of products of fire Flame scorching, burning, singeing Gases of combustion singeing, bursting, swelling Smoke blackening, fouling Burning powder burns, tattooing Unburnt powder tattooing Projectile injury

FA injury Products of fire

FA injury Distances of fire contact

FA injury Distances of fire near contact

FA injury Distances of fire near distance

FA injury Distances of fire distant

Distances of fire FA injury contact near contact near distance distant

stippling or tattooing FA injury Mechanism of rifled fire arm injury production Normal skin projectile gyroscopic velocity Grease collar injury stippling or tattooing abrasion collar near-distance fire

FA injury Unprocessed test fire patterns 3” 9” 27” 21” 15”

FA injury Processed test fire patterns 27” 21” 15” 9” 3”

Griess test fire standards FA injury Griess test fire standards 3” 9” 15” 21” 27”

.38 Smith & Wesson fire patterns FA injury .38 Smith & Wesson fire patterns

Rifled fire arm injuries FA inury Rifled fire arm injuries

Contact fire on temple stellate injury FA injury Rifled fire arm injury Contact fire on temple stellate injury

FA injury Rifled fire arm injury Contact fire

Distant rifled fire arm injury FA inury Distant rifled fire arm injury

Suicidal fire arm injury FA injury Suicidal fire arm injury

Rifled fire arm injury .38 exit .38 entry .22 exit revolver exit FA inury Rifled fire arm injury .38 entry .38 exit .22 exit revolver exit

Rifled fire arm injury near contact suicidal contact suicidal FA injury Rifled fire arm injury near contact suicidal contact suicidal

FA injury Shot gun injury 410 chest 12 bore temple

FA injury Shot gun injury contact near contact near distance distant

Traumatology Fire arms Shot gun projectiles

FA injury Rifled fire arm injury Gutter wound – by a grazing bullet

‘billiard-ball ricochet’ effect FA injury Shot gun injury ‘billiard-ball ricochet’ effect

FA injury Rifled fire arm injury .38 entry & exit wounds

FA injury Rifled fire arm injury .22 exit wound

FA injury Rifled fire arm injury Near-distant injury

Rifled fire arm injury Near-contact wound Burnt powder particles FA injury Rifled fire arm injury Burnt powder particles Near-contact wound

FA injury Shot gun injury .410 to chest

Rifled fire arm skull injury FA injury Rifled fire arm skull injury entry wound exit wound bevelled in bevelled out

FA injury Rifled fire arm injury Black eye

FA injury Shot gun injury Distant injury

FA injury Rifled fire arm injury Entry wound in kidney

FA injury Rifled fire arm injury Exit wound kidney

FA injury Rifled fire arm injury exit wound

FA injury Rifled fire arm injury Distant injury

FA injury Rifled fire arm injury Distant injury

FA injury Rifled fire arm injury Blood spatter & soot

FA injury Rifled fire arm injury Bullet projecting from skin

FA injury Rifled fire arm injury Entry wound

FA injury Rifled fire arm injury Bullet track

FA injury Rifled fire arm injury Bullet tray in clay

Bullet in thoracic spine FA injury Rifled fire arm injury Bullet in thoracic spine

Deformation within body FA identification Bullet behaviour Deformation within body

FA injury Rifled fire arm injury Entry & exit wounds

FA injury Rifled fire arm injury Distant entry wound

FA injury Rifled fire arm injury exit wounds

FA injury Shot gun injury Skull xrays

FA injury Rifled fire arm injury Through roof of mouth

FA injury Rifled fire arm injury Suicide through mouth

Repaired femoral vessels FA injury Rifled fire arm injury Repaired femoral vessels

FA injury Rifled fire arm injury Injury to internal iliac

FA injury Rifled fire arm injury GSW liver

FA injury Rifled fire arm injury GSW liver

FA injury Rifled fire arm injury GSW head of pancreas

FA injury Rifled fire arm injury Haematoma kidney

FA injury Rifled fire arm injury Skull wounding

Bullet fragments in skull FA injury Rifled fire arm injury Bullet fragments in skull

FA injury Rifled fire arm injury Bevelling phenomenon exit entry

FA injury Rifled fire arm injury Bevelled in wound

FA injury Rifled fire arm injury Bevelled out injury

FA injury Rifled fire arm injury Gutter wound

Low velocity distant bullet injury FA injury Rifled fire arm injury Low velocity distant bullet injury

Multiple bullet entry wounds FA injury Rifled fire arm injury Multiple bullet entry wounds

FA injury Rifled fire arm injury Near-distant injury

FA injury Rifled fire arm injury Near-distant injury

FA injury Rifled fire arm injury Revolver exit

FA injury Rifled fire arm injury Contact fire

FA injury Rifled fire arm injury Slit exit

FA injury Rifled fire arm injury Stellate exit wound

FA injury Rifled fire arm injury Suicidal near-contact

FA injury Rifled fire arm injury Suicidal near contact

FA injury Rifled fire arm injury Near-distant injury

FA injury Rifled fire arm injury Near-distant injury ‘tattooing’

FA injury Rifled fire arm injury Pen pistol injury

FA injury Rifled fire arm injury Near-distant injury

FA damage Rifled fire arm injury Through a coarse garment

Rifled fire arm phenomenon FA identification Rifled fire arm phenomenon Soot on hand

FA injury Rifled fire arm injury Contact fire

FA injury Rifled fire arm injury Contact fire with muzzle impression

FA inury Shot gun injuries

FA injury Shot gun injury Suicidal wounds

FA injury Shot gun injury Near-distance injury

FA injury Shot gun injury Multiple pellets in skull xray

FA injury Shot gun injury Near contact shot

FA injury Shot gun injury Near-contact shot

FA injury Shot gun injury Near-distant wound

FA injury Shot gun injury wads and pellets

FA injury Shot gun injury Distant injury

FA injury Shot gun injury .410 to chest

FA injury Shot gun injury 12 bore shot to temple

JFK shooting FA cases