The Respiratory System: Pulmonary Ventilation

Respiratory Zone Figure 16.3 (3 of 3) Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.

Respiratory Bronchioles and Alveoli Figure 16.4b Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.

Anatomy of the Respiratory Zone Figure 16.5a Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.

Anatomy of the Respiratory Zone Figure 16.5b Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.

Anatomy of the Respiratory Zone Figure 16.5c Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.

Anatomy of the Respiratory Zone Figure 16.5d Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.

Blood Supply to the Lungs Figure 16.6 Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.

Chest Wall and Pleural Sac Figure 16.7 Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.

Role of Pressure in Pulmonary Ventilation Air moves in and out of lungs by bulk flow Pressure gradient drives flow Air moves from high to low pressure Inspiration—pressure in lungs less than atmosphere Expiration—pressure in lungs greater than atmosphere Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.

Pulmonary Pressures Figure 16.8a–b Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.

Pneumothorax Figure 16.9 Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.

Muscles of Breathing Figure 16.11b Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.

Neural Aspects of Inspiration Figure 16.12 Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.

Volume and Pressure Changes Figure 16.13 Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.

Effects of Airway Resistance Increase Figure 16.14 Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.

Spirometry Figure 16.15 Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.

Spirometry Measurements Figure 16.16 Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.

Pulmonary Function Tests: Forced Vital Capacity (FVC) Maximum volume inhale followed by exhale as fast as possible Low FVC indicates restrictive pulmonary disease Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.

Pulmonary Function Tests: Forced Expiratory Volume (FEV) Percentage of FVC that can be exhaled within certain time frame FEV1 = percent of FVC that can be exhaled within 1 second Normal FEV1 = 80% If FVC = 4000 ml, should expire 3200 ml in 1 sec FEV1 < 80% indicates obstructive pulmonary disease Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.

Minute Ventilation Total volume of air entering and leaving respiratory system each minute Minute ventilation = VT x RR Normal respiration rate = 12 breaths/min Normal VT = 500 mL Normal minute ventilation = 500 mL x 12 breaths/min = 6000 mL/min Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.

Dead Space and Ventilation Fresh air “Old air” Alveolus Conducting zone (anatomical dead space) Expiration Inspiration Exchange with blood CO2 O2 (a) (b) (c) Figure 16.17 Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.

Alveolar Ventilation Volume of air reaching the gas exchange areas per minute Alveolar ventilation = (VT x RR) – (DSV x RR) Normal = 4200 mL/min (500 mL/br x 12 br/min) – (150 mL/br X 12 br/min) Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.

Respiratory Rate and Ventilation Table 16.1 Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.