Chapter 14 Examination Review

The capacity to do work is referred to as

Energy

A substance in the physical environment that has value to human beings is

A resource

Prior to the Industrial Revolution, humans relied mostly on what kind of power?

Animate

Plant material, vegetation, or agricultural waste used as a fuel or energy source. Before the Industrial Revolution, the most important source of fuel was

Biomass

Finite resources, unevenly Distributed around the world, and are from plants and Animals buried millions of years ago describe

Fossil Fuels

The most common energy source for home heat and hot water is

Natural Gas

Most nonrenewable energy sources are

Formed very slowly

The amount of energy in fields not yet identified but thought to exist is a

Potential Reserve

Unconventional sources of oil like shales and tsar sandstone are accessible only by

Damaging the Environment

Saudi Arabia has relatively large proven reserves of

petroleum

Which two countries have relatively large proven reserves of coal?

China United States

Which two countries are prime examples of countries that consume more energy than they produces? (Hint: One naturally and one for economic reasons)

Japan United States

In protest of the U.S.’s support for Israel in its 1973 war against Egypt, Jordon, and Syria, during the winter of 1973 – 1974, OPEC members

refused to sell petroleum to the United States

With increasing demand in LDCs, world petroleum consumption is expected to increase during the next two decades by about __________ %.

50 %

List four nonmetallic minerals used for fertilizer:

Calcium Potassium Sulfur Phosphorus

Greater dependence on coal is likely to occur by expanding use of

Electricity

North Americans are less dependent than Europeans on nuclear energy primarily because of more abundant

Coal Reserves

Elaborate safety measures must be taken to store nuclear waste primarily because the waste is

Radioactive

Most of the nuclear waste in the U. S Most of the nuclear waste in the U.S. is stored in approximately __________ facilities across the country.

1 2 1

The breeder reactor was invented to address the problem that nuclear power depends on scarce _________.

Uranium

A process by which thermal radiation from a planetary surface is absorbed by atmospheric water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and ozone, and is re-radiated in all direction is called

Greenhouse Effect

Why is solar energy primarily more expensive than other forms of energy for most consumers?

Installation Costs

A discharge constitutes pollution if the level is greater than the

Environmental Capacity

A concentration of a trace substance at a level greater than occurs in the average air constitutes

Air Pollution

The combination of sulfur oxide with oxygen and water produces

Acid Deposition

A condition in which sunlight causes nitrogen oxides to react in the atmosphere produces

Photochemical smog

The possible increase in the Earth’s temperature caused by carbon dioxide trapping radiation is the

The Greenhouse Effect

The source of air pollution most responsible for damaging trees in Ontario, Canada, and Germany’s Black Forest is

Acid Deposition

The most significant source of air pollution caused by automobiles is

Photochemical smog

A gas threatening Earth’s ozone layer is

Chlorofluorocarbon CFCs

Steel and chemical industries are major water polluters primarily because they generate large amounts of

Wastewater

Polluted water threatens the survival of aquatic plants and animals in by enriching the water with excessive

Levels of nutrients

PCB oils, cyanides, strong solvents, and heavy metals are considered

Hazardous Waste

Contrary to air and water pollution, solid waste pollution is reduced through concentrating rather than

Dispersing Waste

The greatest benefit of incinerating solid waste is the production of

Electricity

One strategy for the reduction of solid waste pollution is separation of different

Types of trash

A strategy for reducing waste through recycling includes using the waste in

production

A strategy for reducing the amount of waste generated includes changing the mix of inputs increasing the product to

waste ratio

An alternative to reducing discharges into the environment is using the environment

more efficiently

Reduction of biodiversity through species extinction is especially important in

Tropical Rain Forests

The variation of life forms within a given ecosystem, biome, or for the entire Earth is called

biodiversity

A level of organization within the living world that includes both the total array of biological organisms present in a defined area and the chemical-physical factors that influence the plants and animals in it is called an

Ecosystem

The sustainable use and management of natural resources

Conservation

Maintenance of resources in their present condition refers to

Preservation

Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. It contains within it two key concepts: the concept of "needs", in particular the essential needs of the world's poor, to which overriding priority should be given; and the idea of limitations imposed by the state of technology and social organization on the environment's ability to meet present and the future needs defines

United Nations definition of Sustainable Development

The World Wildlife Federation claims the world surpassed its sustainable level around ___________.

1980

Critics and defenders of sustainable development both agree that more international cooperation is needed to reduce the

gap between LDCs and MDCs

Estimates of earth’s total number of species range from ___________________.

3 million to 100 million

Name three nations that have no land under conservation:

Iraq Some former Soviet Republics

The study of constraints placed by resources on the level of development is

carrying capacity analysis

To avoid depleting resources, future generations will need to increase their use of

sustainable development

Since 1990, ______ consumption has increased slightly more rapidly than the 2% annual growth rate for petroleum.

Natural gas