LESSON OBJECTIVES/ GOALS/ SWBAT STANDARD(S): 11.1 Students analyze the significant events in the founding of the nation. LESSON OBJECTIVES/ GOALS/ SWBAT Explain how business and government cooperated during the war. Show how the government promoted the war. Describe the attacks on civil liberties that occurred. Summarize the social changes that affected African Americans and women.

A BULLDOG ALWAYS Commitment Attitude CARES Respect Encouragement Safety

Section 3 The War at Home World War I spurs social, political, and economic change in the United States. NEXT

SECTION 3: THE WAR AT HOME The entire U.S. economy was focused on the war effort The shift from a consumer economy to war economy required a collaboration between business and government In the process, the power of the U.S. government expanded Congress gave President Wilson direct control over the economy

Guided Reading: What were some things accomplished by the following wartime agencies and laws? 1. War Industries Board – Encouraged companies to use mass production techniques and standardize products.

The War at Home Congress Gives Power to Wilson War Industries Board 3 SECTION The War at Home Congress Gives Power to Wilson War Industries Board • Economy shifts from producing consumer goods to war supplies • Congress gives president direct control of much of the economy • War Industries Board is main regulatory body - urges mass-production, standardizing products • Bernard M. Baruch, prosperous businessman, is head of board • Railroad Administration, Fuel Administration also control industries • Conservation measures adopted by public, nation Continued . . . NEXT

WAR INDUSTRIES BOARD The War Industries Board (WIB) encouraged companies to use mass-production techniques Under the WIB, industrial production and wages increased 20% Union membership almost doubled during the war years – from 2.5 million to 4 million To deal with disputes between management and labor, President Wilson set up the National War Labor Board in 1918 Poster encouraging production

Chapter 11 Section 3 A – Why would labor disputes affect the war effort? Labor disputes would slow down production and jeopardize the American war effort.

3 SECTION continued Congress Gives Power to Wilson War Economy Industrial wages rise; offset by rising costs of food, housing Large corporations make enormous profits Unions boom from dangerous conditions, child labor, unfair pay Wilson creates National War Labor Board to settle disputes NEXT

3 SECTION continued Congress Gives Power to Wilson Food Administration Food Administration under Herbert Hoover works to produce, save food Encourages public conservation, increase of farm production NEXT

VICTORY GARDENS To conserve food, Wilson set up the Food Administration (FA) The FA declared one day a week “meatless” another “sweetless” and two days “wheatless” Homeowners planted “victory gardens” in their yards Schoolchildren worked after-school growing tomatoes and cucumbers in public parks Farmers increased production by almost 30% by adding 40 million acres of farmland

Guided Reading: What were some things accomplished by the following wartime agencies and laws? Railroad Administration – Controlled the nations railroads, prioritize war deliveries and use of railroads.

Guided Reading: What were some things accomplished by the following wartime agencies and laws? Fuel Administration – Regulated Coal supplies, rationed gasoline, heating oil and introduced daylight-savings time.

Guided Reading: What were some things accomplished by the following wartime agencies and laws? National War Labor Board – Resolved labor disputes, pushed for improved working conditions.

Guided Reading: What were some things accomplished by the following wartime agencies and laws? 5. Food Administration – Encouraged less consumption, tripled shipments to allies, and set high prices for wheat and other staples.

Selling the War War Financing 3 SECTION Selling the War War Financing U.S. spends $35.5 billion on war effort 1/3 paid through taxes, 2/3 borrowed through sale of war bonds NEXT

SELLING THE WAR The U.S. had two major tasks; raising money and convincing the public to support the war The U.S. spent $35.5 billion on the war effort The government raised about 1/3 of that through an income tax and “sin” taxes The rest was raised through war bonds sold to the public (Liberty Loans & Victory Loans)

Selling the War Committee on Public Information 3 SECTION Selling the War Committee on Public Information Propaganda—biased communication designed to influence people Former muckraker George Creel heads Committee on Public Information Creel produces visual works, printed matter to promote war Gets volunteers to speak about war, distribute materials NEXT

PROPAGANDA To popularize the war, the government set up the nations first propaganda agency called the Committee on Public Information (CPI) George Creel led the agency and persuaded many of the nation’s artists to create thousands of paintings, posters, cartoons and sculptures to promote the war

Guided Reading: What were some things accomplished by the following wartime agencies and laws? Committee on Public Information – Mobilized the nations artists and advertising people to popularize the war. Recruited 75,000 to give speeches in favor of the war.

B – How did the government raise money for the war effort? The govt. raised some money through increased taxes, And some through the sale of “war bonds”

Attacks on Civil Liberties Increase 3 SECTION Attacks on Civil Liberties Increase Anti-Immigrant Hysteria Attacks against immigrants, especially from Germany, Austria-Hungary Suppression of German culture—music, language, literature NEXT

ATTACK ON CIVIL LIBERTIES As the war progressed, Civil Liberties were compromised Anti-Immigrant feelings were openly expressed especially anti-German and Austrian- Hungarian Socialists and labor leaders were targeted Any anti-American sentiments were targeted during wartime

Attacks on Civil Liberties Increase 3 SECTION Attacks on Civil Liberties Increase Espionage and Sedition Acts • Espionage and Sedition Acts—person can be fined, imprisoned for: - interfering with war effort, speaking against government • Violate 1st amendment; prosecute loosely defined antiwar activities - target socialists, labor leaders NEXT

ATTACK ON CIVIL LIBERTIES Espionage and Sedition Acts were passed by Congress Espionage – spying against your country. Sedition – criticizing the govt. These acts were designed to prevent anti-war protests but went against the spirit of the First Amendment (Free speech) Any anti-American sentiments were targeted during wartime

C – What effect did the war have on the lives of recent immigrants? Recent immigrants suffered persecution; German immigrants and those of German descent suffered the bitterest of attacks.

D – What impact did the Espionage and Sedition Acts have on free speech? The Acts led to thousands of prosecutions; People were fired from their jobs; Antiwar newspapers and magazines lost their mailing privileges.

The War Encourages Social Change 3 SECTION The War Encourages Social Change African Americans and the War Du Bois urges support for war to strengthen call for racial justice Most African Americans support war Some think victims of racism should not support racist government Continued . . . NEXT

The War Encourages Social Change 3 SECTION The War Encourages Social Change The Great Migration • Great Migration—large-scale movement of Southern blacks to North - escape racial discrimination - take up new job opportunities • Press of new migrants intensifies racial tensions in North Continued . . . NEXT

The Great Migration The greatest effect of the First World War on the African American population was that it accelerated the Great Migration The Great Migration was the large scale population shift for hundreds of thousands of blacks from the south to Northern cities SOCIAL CHANGE DURING THE WAR: This African American family settled in Chicago

The Great Migration They left to escape discrimination and to seek greater job opportunities Popular destinations included Chicago, New York and Philadelphia

Guided Reading: What changes did the war bring about for the following groups of Americans? African Americans – The Great Migration involved the massive movement of Blacks from the southern rural areas to the Northern cities. The first African Americans commissioned officers allowed to serve.

E – How did the war open opportunities for African Americans? WWI increased job opportunities for African Americans in steel mills, monition plants, and stockyards.

F – What effect did the war have on women’s lives? Women moved into jobs that had been held exclusively by men.

G – How did wartime conditions help spread the flu? In the army, living conditions allowed for contagious illness to spread.

Guided Reading: What changes did the war bring about for the following groups of Americans? Immigrants – Many lost their jobs; Some were attacked and killed.

3 SECTION continued The War Encourages Social Change Women in the War Many women take jobs in heavy industry previously held by men Many do volunteer work for war effort Some active in peace movement; Women’s Peace Party founded 1915 Women’s effort bolsters support for suffrage; 19th Amendment passes NEXT

Rosie the Riveter was the symbol of women’s war contributions WOMEN IN THE WAR Many women were called upon to take on jobs previously held by men who were serving in the war They became railroad workers, cooks, dockworkers, factory workers, and miners Many women served as volunteers in organizations such as the Red Cross Their service hastened the passage of the 19th Amendment in 1920 giving women the right to vote Rosie the Riveter was the symbol of women’s war contributions

Guided Reading: What changes did the war bring about for the following groups of Americans? Women – Many women moved into jobs traditionally held by men. Women’s wartime efforts encouraged passage of the 19th amendment- which gave women the right to vote.

3 SECTION continued The War Encourages Social Change The Flu Epidemic International flu epidemic of 1918 has devastating effect on economy As many as 30 million people die worldwide NEXT

THE FLU EPIDEMIC In the fall of 1918, the United States suffered a home-front crises when a flu epidemic affected 25% of the population Mines shut down, telephone service was cut in half, factory work was delayed Cities ran short on coffins while corpses lay unburied for as long as a week The epidemic killed as many as 500,000 in the U.S. before it disappeared in 1919 Worldwide the epidemic killed 30 million people Seattle, like many other places, became a masked city. All police wore them, as shown in this photo from "The Great Influenza"

John Meints was tarred and feathered in Minnesota during World War I (ca 1917-18) for not supporting war bond drives. [1]