Residential Clothes Washers and Dryers Technical Subcommittee Ryan Firestone & Christian Douglass Regional Technical Forum March 10, PM

Presentation Outline Today’s Objective: Guidance on Clothes Washer measure development, guidance on developing a Clothes Dryer research plan Interaction between Washer and Dryer measures Updates to Clothes Washer measure Developing a Clothes Dryer measure 2

Overview RTF Clothes Washer UES measure is due for an update – Sunset date June 2015 – New federal standard, and ENERGY STAR and CEE specifications effective March 7, 2015 – New market data (NEEA) – New field data on washers and dryers (NEEA) ENERGY STAR has its first Dryer specification (v.1.0), effective January 1, 2015 – ENERGY STAR resistance and heat pump based dryers are available – NEEA is conducting research on dryers to support an RTF Dryer UES measure There is a significant interaction between Washer and Dryer measures – Much of the Washer savings come from reductions in drying energy required after washing (higher spin) – Dryer savings are dependent on the moisture content of incoming clothes 3

Washer / Dryer Interaction 4

Dryer energy consumption is determined by – Amount of moisture to be removed from clothing – Energy efficiency of removing moisture from clothing 5 moisture (lbs) 1 / dryer efficiency (kWh/lb) Washer EE Dryer EE dryer energy (kWh)

Washer/Dryer Interaction 6 moisture (lbs) 1 / dryer efficiency (kWh/lb) dryer energy (kWh) Baseline Washer Baseline Dryer moisture (lbs) 1 / dryer efficiency (kWh/lb) EE Washer EE Dryer dryer energy (kWh) Baseline Washer EE Dryer moisture (lbs) 1 / dryer efficiency (kWh/lb) dryer energy (kWh) savings moisture (lbs) 1 / dryer efficiency (kWh/lb) EE Washer Baseline Dryer dryer energy (kWh) savings Washer savings Dryer savings ?

Washer/Dryer Interaction 7 moisture (lbs) 1 / dryer efficiency (kWh/lb) EE Washer EE Dryer dryer energy (kWh) Washer savings Dryer savings ? How to deal with these savings? – Measure identifiers Would require washer specs for Dryer measure, and dryer specs for Washer measure – Distribute across both measures E.g., Option 3 Guidelines call for considering all cost effective measures in “full measure package” Method would not handle Washer and Dryer tiers – We’d need to simplify to a single EE level for the analysis – Assume order of measures CAT/Staff propose to assume EE washer goes in first or at same time as EE dryer – ENERGY STAR (2015 spec) penetration of Washers was already ~70% in 2014 – Significantly EE Dryers (i.e., heat pump) are an emerging technology in U.S. markets – Is there interest in combined washer/dryer measures?

Updates to Residential Clothes Washers Measures 8

Remaining Moisture Content NEEA Washer/Dryer field study found that real-world clothing retains moisture more than DOE test cloth – Clothing coming out of washer are wetter than test clothes. Average rated remaining moisture content (RMC) in CEC DB: 36% Field study average: 71% – More dryer energy is required to remove a pound of moisture from clothing than test clothes (higher kWh/lb moisture) DOE Washer test procedure assumes 0.5 kWh/lb Field study average 0.62 kWh/lb 9

Remaining Moisture Content This has a huge impact on estimated drying energy 10

Market Share NEEA sales data from 2014 suggests very high penetration of ENERGY STAR 7.0 qualifying washers – This version of the specification effective March 7, 2015 Final numbers not yet available, but preliminary analysis is ~70% of combined top- and front- loading – Current RTF measure assumes 54%, based on 2013 sales and ENERGY STAR v6.1 11

Measure Grouping 12 Use a combined Top/Front load baseline (as in current UES measure)? If so, ENERGY STAR top loader is less efficient than the baseline – Exclude ENERGY STAR top loader? Note: CEE Tier 1 top loaders are scarce, Tier 2 / 3 top loaders aren’t available

Developing a Clothes Dryer Measure 13

Residential Clothes Dryers Federal standard: – New standard effective January 1, 2015 ENERGY STAR v1.0 – Effective January 1, 2015 Heat Pump (HP) Dryers introduced to U.S. market in Q

Residential Clothes Dryers Energy efficiency metrics – Federal standards D (Energy Factor (EF))– from previous standard. Pounds of clothes dried per kWh at highest temperature, 66% ΔRMC, assumed impact of auto- termination, no cool down D1 (Combined Energy Factor (CEF) – current standard. Pounds of clothes dried per kWh at highest temperature, 53.5% ΔRMC, assumed impact of auto- termination, no cool down Optional D2 (CEF) – current standard. Pounds of clothes dried per kWh at highest temperature, 55.5% ΔRMC, tested with auto-termination and cool- down – required for ENERGY STAR – NEEA proposal UCEF (lab testing) – Average of 5 modes (D2 plus 4 with more representative test cloth). Annual energy and frequency of modes aligns with field study. – Technical working group decided not to weight the modes differently. Field testing – estimated annual kWh and average pounds cloth/kWh 15

Residential Clothes Dryers NEEA Proposed Tiers – Standard – dryers that satisfy the federal standard by don’t qualify for ENERGY STAR – 1 – ENERGY STAR qualifying, probably not heat pump – 2 – today’s hybrid heat pump (LG, Whirlpool and Kenmore) – 3 – likely hybrid heat pump limit – 4 – pure heat pump dryer (e.g., Blomberg) 16

Available Data CEC Database – Products registered for sale in CA Washer performance metrics: IMEF, IWF, RMC Add date NEEA Washer/Dryer field study – Metered energy consumption, log book of clothing weights and machine settings. NEEA / PG&E lab study – Lab testing to determine D2, UCEF – Estimated market share per unit to estimate market average performance – Durango factor – laboratory at 6,500 ft. Unquantified impact on CEF, UCEF (likely improves metric a few percent) – Durango lab has since closed Ongoing NEEA lab and field testing of HP Dryers – NEEA will certify Tier 2 / 3 / 4 dryers for now 17

Tier 1 Dryers No clear correlation between D1 and D2 NEEA investigating D2 / UCEF relationship – 9 Standard dryers – 2 Tier 1 dryers Should the RTF pursue a Tier 1 Dryers measure? – Would likely require Tier 1 lab testing 18

Current Data 19 Energy Consumption Metric Data Source What kind? How many? D EFD1 CEFD2 CEFUCEFField CEC DB/Other product DBs Standard X Tier 1, 2 X 2011 DOEXX NEEA Washer/Dryer Field Study ~46x Standard (some Tier 1?) X (field) X (field) X Baseline Dryer Study 9x Standard X (Durango) 2x Tier 1 HP Dryer testing Tier 2,3,4 XXX

What the RTF needs A reliable metric of real-world energy use of dryers – UCEF is a good candidate, might be adjusted based on field test findings – Need confidence that UCEF values from lab(s) are comparable Significant samples of machines in all performance tiers tested to this metric – RTF needs confidence the samples are representative of the tier – CEF and UCEF for each tier are averages of representative products Current Practice baseline performance level – If not using DOE metric, need a means of estimating market share of sampled machines – Current Practice Baseline CEF and UCEF are the weighted averages of all tiers. Weighted by current market share 20

Questions for Subcommittee and RTF Is UCEF a sufficient metric for estimating energy consumption Is the Durango lab testing sufficient for estimating baseline UCEF? – If so, should the UCEF be adjusted for altitude? – Is there sufficient data to estimate Tier 1 consumption and savings? If existing data is not sufficient for a proven measure, what does research need to provide? 21

Next Steps for CAT/Staff Update Washer workbook and create Dryer workbook. Draft Preliminary Research Plan for dryers – Improve certainty of UCEF for baseline? Tier 1? – Establish UCEF for Tier 2/3/4 – Consider calibrating UCEF mode weights to field results for all Tiers 22