Hawaii’s Biodiversity. ENDEMIC Occurring exclusively in a given geographic area, having originated in that area through natural means. Hawaiian Cleaner.

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Presentation transcript:

Hawaii’s Biodiversity

ENDEMIC Occurring exclusively in a given geographic area, having originated in that area through natural means. Hawaiian Cleaner Wrasse

Nene Rare Endemic Birds

Hawaiian Honeycreepers

Pueo

Hawaiian Hawk (‘Io)

Tree Snails Pūpū Kani Oe

Unusual Insects & their Relatives Happy Face Spider nanana makaki ʻ i

Hawaiian Crickets

Carnivorous caterpillar

Picture wing flies

Hoary Bat (‘ Ope’ape’a )

Hawaiian Monk Seal `Ilio-holo-i-ka-uaua

Most Unique Plants Silversword ‘ahinahina

Ohia Lehua

Hapu’u Ferns

Percent Endemism in the Hawaiian Islands

NATIVE Occurring naturally in a given geographic area; not introduced as a consequence of human activities

EXOTIC Introduced to a given geographic area as a consequence of human activities. Anemone fish

How do they arrive? Dispersal Methods: Rafting Hitchhiking Currents Storms

WHY SOME INTRODUCTIONS SUCCEED AND SOME DON’T? Disadvantages due to new environmental conditions: Foraging & predator avoidance strategies may be different Small #’s of orgs introduced may go extinct Advantages: Generalist vs specialist species

Environmental Diversity Extremely wide range of habitats temperature moisture soils vegetation

Environmental Diversity Cold & Dry Cool & Dry Warm & Wet Hot & WetHot & Very Dry Warm & Very Dry Warm & Dry trades inversion

Origins of Hawaiian Flora and Fauna

Origin of Hawaiian Coral Indo West Pacific

Hawaii’s Flowering Plants Long Distance Dispersal Wind, Water, & Wings Theory The original colonist plants arrives in the following ways: water23% wind2% birds75%

Pandanus tectoriusIpomoea pes-caprae

Includes plants that reproduce by means of spores such as ferns, mosses, algae, and lichen. Adenophorus periens

Estimated 12.8% of the hypothetical original flowers arrived this way Pacific golden plover Tetraplasandra flynii Has hairy gray fruits

Immigration Rates numberrate (1 every …) flowering plants thousand years insects thousand years land snails251.2 million years land birds152 million years mammals130 million years

Polynesian Voyagers to Hawaii taro breadfruit kava yam

Ahupua’a 1.Upland 2.Plains 3.Ocean Ranges from the tip of the mtn to the reef area Slash & burn agriculture (swidden)

Hawaii Bird Biodiversity Crisis Half of Hawaii’s native birds went extinct soon after the Polynesians arrived Half of the remaining species of birds went extinct soon after Captain James Cook arrived

European Contact Large herbivores introduced Native plants are “ice cream” Animals multiplied rapidly

Introduced Feral Mammals Goats 1.5 million skins Tree goats Fainting goats

Introduced Feral Mammals Cattle on Oahu Wandered Honolulu streets On all land but residential, agricultural or dense forest

Mongoose Brought in to help control rat population in sugar cane fields Rat nocturnal Mongoose diurnal Mongoose, dogs, and cats are the nene’s main predator

Coqui frog Poison dart frog coqui

Cane toad

Feral pigs Originally introduced by Polynesian voyagers from the Marquesas Islands ca. 400 AD

Pig Fence Pig wallow

Jackson’s Chameleon

Maui Axis Deer

Brush-tailed Rock Wallaby Kalihi Valley

Brahminy “Hawaiian” Blind Snake Introduced 1930’s Eats ants and beetles Parthogenic Not a threat

Two Piranhas were caught in Lake Wilson in There may be more. We don’t know. Piranhas

Introduced Species Acanthophora, Eucheuma, & Gracillaria

Super Sucker to the Rescue!

Mangroves in Hawaii (transplanted in 1902)

Brown Tree Snake, Guam

Upside-down Jellyfish

Snowflake Coral

Samoan Crab 7 lbs 7 oz, 0/27/09 windward side

Blue stripped snapper

Biological control Biological control: uses a pest’s natural predators to control the pest Prickly pear cactus infestation in Hawaii Cochineal insect

Miconia Video Chemical control

Impact from Other Exotics

Zebra Mussels

Veliger Larvae frontside 500,000 per m 3 Approx. 95% die Settling 10,000 per m 3 /day Up to 700,000 mussels/m 3 Filter Feeding 1 liter H 2 O/day Growth 200,000,000 sperm 40,000-1,000,000 eggs per year

In general, a zebra mussel population will thrive as long as there are: Hard substrates Appropriate physical and chemical conditions in the water Appropriate biological conditions

Lampreys (1835) in St. Laurence Seaway

Walking catfish in Florida

Alien Animal Control > $40,000/mile to fence Haleakala NP = $5 million Hard to eradicate animals Animal control not popular

Solutions? Conservation Mechanical (physical removal) Chemical (pesticides, herbicides) Biological (natural predator) Legislation Education Prevention Ballast water: * UV light * chemicals * dump water far from port

1.What accounts for the largest means of seed dispersal to the Hawaiian islands than any other mechanism? 2.What adaptations must a plant or seed have for dispersal by flotation in seawater? 3.The most likely way that flowering plant species arrived in Hawaiì was by: 4.If a species is referred to as being endemic to Hawaiì, you can assume that it: 5.The main reason that Hawaiì's native species don't have thorns, stingers or chemical defenses is that they: Inquiry

6. What class of vertebrates did not arrive to Hawaii by natural means? 7. Compare a generalist exotic species to a specialist. 8. Why are pigs such a problem? Endemic, Native or Exotic? A B C D E F G Carnivorous caterpillar Cane toad Mushroom coral Green turtle Bottlenose dolphin Blue stripped snapper