On a North American continent controlled by American Indians, contact among the peoples of Europe, the Americas, and West Africa created a new world. Period 1: 1491-1607 Key Concept 1.1

Settlements were far smaller than those in South America 1.1. Before the arrival of Europeans, native populations in North America developed a wide variety of social, political, and economic structures based in part on interactions with the environment and each other. The North American natives were less sophisticated than the Maya, Aztec and Inca Settlements were far smaller than those in South America Made small and large settlements centered around environmental beliefs Southeastern, Northeastern, Southwestern, Northwestern and Plains cultures varied socially, politically, and agriculturally http://www.fourdir.com/fa_pc_culture_map.jpg https://www.lakeforest.edu/academics/programs/environmental/courses/seniorseminar/springbreak/students/vlaar.php

1.1I. As settlers migrated and settled across the vast expanse of North America over time, they developed quite different and increasingly complex societies by adapting to and transforming their diverse environments. http://www.ushistory.org/us/1.asp http://www.michigan-history.org/forum/Images/image-1275982732.gif

1.1IA. The spread of maize cultivation from present-day Mexico northward into the Americans Southwest and beyond supported economic development and social diversification among societies in these areal a mix of foraging and hunting did the same for societies in the Northwest and areas of California. (Native Americans had to use food sources available in their environments, in the southwest they would mainly farm because of all the corn they had available and in the northwest they would hunt and gather because of the varying resources.) Most Native Americans preferred their food fresh and without many seasonings except for tribes in mexico who often used hot peppers, cumin, or chocolate to spice up their food. but once the europeans arrived, the natives had to change their lifestyles. Because of the buffalo being killed off the Indians had to begin raising animals for food in order to be able to have enough meat to eat since meat was the primary source of their diets. The wide variety of diets among tribes contributed to the diversification among societies. Cultivation led to settled rather than nomadic lifestyles. http://static3.jigidi.com/scripts/thumb.php?t=l_ZL1Q9VDM http://www.museum.state.il.us/exhibits/agriculture/albums/album01/pop_gardening_wetlands.jpg

1.1IB. Societies responded to the lack of natural resources in the Great Basin and the western Great plains by developing large mobile lifestyles. Lack of available food, water, resources Nomadic lifestyle instead of semi-permanent settlements Tepees were used, more mobility Horses were introduced by the Spanish in the 1670s and during the Pueblo Revolt several hundred fell into native hands Horses allowed much easier transportation and more hunting of bison 1722- escaped Spanish horses found in Dakotas Men practiced polygamy because more wives meant you could process more buffalo; farming tribes were raided for captive wives and horses Domesticated dogs were used to hunt and carry travois(two long poles connected by leather straps in which supplies were put) Bison meat was supplemented with roots and berries on the move Nomadic tribes traveled south to trade for food or to raid permanent farming villages Great Basin- Bannock, Washo, Mono Great Plains tribes- Arapaho, Comanche, Blackfoot, Cheyenne, Kiowa, and Sioux http://chshistory.com/americanwest/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2014/03/plains-indians.jpg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Alfred_Jacob_Miller_-_Hunting_Buffalo_-_Walters_371940190.jpg

Land Bridge Theory (13,000 to 10,000 BC) 1.1IC. In the Northeast and along the Atlantic Seaboard, some societies developed a mixed agricultural and hunter-gatherer economy that favored the development of permanent villages. Land Bridge Theory (13,000 to 10,000 BC) Nomadic groups, followed the buffalo Climate changes and extensive hunting depleted large mammals Began to domesticate dogs and turkeys Farming, pottery making and fishing Distribution of labor between genders Seed Agriculture led to larger/permanent settlements Adena-Hopewelll (800 B.C.- A.D. 600) Mississippian (A.D. 600-1500) Mound-building for religious beliefs and social status Closer to Aztec and Maya Government, labor force, trade networks Conflicts between tribes but food, land divided equally Animals function as “department stores:” bones, teeth made into weapons, skin into clothing/tents, dung into fuel Mohicans and Mohawks http://www.nativevillage.org/Archives/2013%20News%20Archives/JAN2013%20NEWS/POP_Late_Archaic_gatherers.jpg http://americanindiantah.com/Cahokia/CahokiaMounds-old.jpg

Works Cited AMSCO America: A Narrative History Picture citations found under photos Learner Native American Indian Facts Myths That Hide the American Indian by Oliver La Farge "Native American Food." : Agriculture, Hunting and Gathering, Fishing, and Other American Indian Food Sources. N.p., n.d. Web. 07 Aug. 2014.