Global Strategy Mike W. Peng Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Global Strategic Management Mike W. Peng Chapter 1 Strategy Around the Globe

Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Why Study Global Strategy? Job and career aspiration opportunities Awareness of what is going on in the world Avoid downside risks of globalization

Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. What is Strategy? Origin-Greek word (strategos)-art of the general  Sun Tzu, Chinese military strategist in 500 B.C.  Modern-day application to business and competition dates to the 1960s Plan versus Action - strategy is “explicit, rigorous formal planning” versus “a set of flexible, goal-oriented actions” Strategy as Theory-how to compete successfully  Firms have both intended and emergent strategies  One firm’s strategies may not work in all situations  Past success does not guarantee future success  It is often difficult to change strategy

Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. What is Strategy? Cont’d  Strategy should give coherence to decisions and actions  Managers must exert effective strategic leadership

Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. What Is Strategy?

Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. The Essence of Strategy Figure 1.3

Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Our definition: Strategy as theory Integrating both planning and action schools Leveraging the concept of “theory”  A theory serves two purposes: Explanation and prediction Requiring replications and experimentations  To establish the temporal (time-related) and geographic limits of an existing theory Understanding the difficulty of strategic change

Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Fundamental Questions in Strategy Why do firms differ?  Cultural differences between Western firms and Japanese companies  Networks of relationships have powerful effect - keiretsu, guanxi, chaebol, blat How do firms behave?  Industry-based view - focus on competitive forces within an industry that impact all firms  Resource-based (capabilities) view - focus on internal strengths and weaknesses, firm specific resources and capabilities  Institution-based view - focus on government and societal forces

Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Fundamental Questions in Strategy cont’d What determines the scope of the firm? What determines the international success or failure of firms?  Industry-based view - degree of competitiveness in the industry  Resource-based view - firm specific differences in capabilities  Institution-based view - institutional forces, such as economic reforms and government policy

Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. The “Strategy Tripod” Three Leading Perspectives on Strategy Figure 1.4

Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. What Is Global Strategy? Provide standardized products and/or services on a worldwide basis (i.e., traditional view) Any strategy outside one’s home country Our definition of global strategy:  Strategies of firms around the globe  Both international and non-international (domestic)  Both developed and emerging economies

Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. What is Globalization? A new phenomenon since the late 20th century? A part of long-run human history? A pendulum view: Transportation and communication revolutions + breakdown of artificial barriers in trade and investment  A process similar to the swing of a pendulum: Postwar history  Semiglobalization?

Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Global Strategy and Globalization at a Crossroads Three Defining Events - have brought corporate social responsibility, ethics, and governance to the forefront of strategic decisions  Anti-globalization protests - lost jobs, downward pressure on wages for unskilled labor, environmental destruction  Terrorist attacks  Corporate governance crisis (Asian financial crisis, U.S. scandals)

Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Global Strategy and Globalization at a Crossroads, Cont’d. Know Yourself, Know Your Opponents  Understand strengths AND limitations  Recognize the social, political, and environmental costs associated with globalization  Current business school students exhibit values and beliefs different from the general public  Be aware of bias and strategic blind spots  Do not ignore non-government organizations (NGOs)- view them as partners