Earth’s Structure and Materials Chapter 3 Earth’s Structure and Materials and a few Chapter 2

What is the typical flow of the components that make up an information system? Chapter 2

Lithosphere A rigid layer made up of the uppermost part of the mantle and the crust.

A dark, dense, igneous rock with fine texture, found in ocean crust. Basalt A dark, dense, igneous rock with fine texture, found in ocean crust.

The force pushing on a surface divided by the area of that surface. Pressure The force pushing on a surface divided by the area of that surface.

Granite A usually light colored igneous rock that is found in continental crust.

When scientific work conflicts with the beliefs of society and its leaders, a___________ can arise. Chapter 2 controversy

A dense sphere of solid iron and nickel at the center of Earth. Inner Core A dense sphere of solid iron and nickel at the center of Earth.

The layer of hot, solid material between Earth’s crust and core. Mantle The layer of hot, solid material between Earth’s crust and core.

the sun the sun Galileo used his telescope to collect evidence that planets revolved around _______.Chapter 2

Seismic Wave Vibrations that travel through Earth carrying the energy released during an earthquake.

Outer Core A layer of molten iron and nickel that surrounds the inner core of Earth.

The layer of rock that forms Earth’s outer surface. Crust The layer of rock that forms Earth’s outer surface.

TO DESCRIBE A ROCK’S TEXTURE, GEOLOGISTS DETERMINE WHAT THREE THINGS: SIZE, SHAPE, AND THE PATTERN OF THE ROCK’S GRAIN

The transfer of energy by electromagnetic waves. Radiation The transfer of energy by electromagnetic waves.

The transfer of thermal energy from one particle of matter to another Conduction The transfer of thermal energy from one particle of matter to another

The particles of minerals or other rocks that give a rock its texture. Grain The particles of minerals or other rocks that give a rock its texture.

empirical Data and observations collected through scientific processes are called_______ evidence.Chapter 2 empirical

Density The measurement of how much mass of a substance is contained in a given volume.

What are two useful metamorphic rocks? Marble and slate

The transfer of thermal energy by the movement of a fluid. Convection The transfer of thermal energy by the movement of a fluid.

Rock-Forming Mineral Any of the common minerals that make up most of the rocks of Earth’s crust.

The soft layer of the mantle on which the lithosphere floats. Asthenosphere The soft layer of the mantle on which the lithosphere floats.

Texture The look and feel of a rock’s surface, determined by the size, shape and pattern of a rocks grains.

Igneous Rock A type of rock that forms from the cooling of molten rock at or below the surface.

The most abundant type of intrusive rock in the continental crust is: Granite

Earth materials deposited by erosion. Sediment Earth materials deposited by erosion.

Forms from sand on the beaches, ocean floor, river beds, and sand dunes. SANDSTONE

CORRECT ORDER OF (STARTING FROM THE SURFACE) EARTH’S LAYERS. CRUST MANTLE OUTER CORE INNER CORE

A type of rock that forms from an existing rock that is changed by heat, pressure, or chemical reaction. Metamorphic Rock

Igneous rock that forms from lava on Earth’s surface Extrusive Rock Igneous rock that forms from lava on Earth’s surface

Scientists use ____________ to understand how systems work and to predict changes in a system.Chapter 2 models

What step in the rock cycle would be required to change granite into sandstone? Granite Particles settle on the ocean floor.

Igneous rock that forms when magma hardens beneath Earth’s surface. Intrusive Rock Igneous rock that forms when magma hardens beneath Earth’s surface.

Convection Current The movement of a fluid caused by differences in temperature, that transfers heat from one part of a fluid to another.

Sedimentary Rock A type of rock that forms when particles from other rocks or the remains of plants and animals are pressed and cemented together.

Weathering The chemical and physical processes that break down rock and other substances.

Rock fragments with rounded edges form this rock CONGLOMERATE

Erosion The process by which water, ice, wind, or gravity moves weathered particles of rock and soil.

Process in which sediment is laid down in new locations. Deposition Process in which sediment is laid down in new locations.

Formed in the ocean where many living things, such as coral, clam and oysters have hard shells made of the mineral calcite. Limestone

Clastic Rock Sedimentary rock that forms when rock fragments are squeezed together under high pressure.

Compaction The process by which sediments are pressed together under their own weight

Foliated Term used to describe metamorphic rocks that have grains arranged in parallel layers or bands.

Rock Cycle A series of processes on the surface and inside the Earth that slowly changes rocks from one kind to another.

Future testing can still prove an accepted scientific _____________ to be incorrect. Chapter 2 theory

Forms from tiny particles of clay and water deposits the clay in thin flat layers SHALE

The process by which dissolved minerals crystallized and glue particles of sediment together into one mass. Cementation

Organic Rock Sedimentary rock that form from remains or organisms deposited in thick layers.

A statement that describes what scientists expect to happen every time under a particular set of conditions Chapter 2. Scientific Law

Sedimentary rock that forms when minerals crystallize from a solution Chemical Rock Sedimentary rock that forms when minerals crystallize from a solution

Holes drilled several kilometers in the Earth’s crust provide direct evidence about Earth’s interior in the form of ROCK SAMPLES

Rock fragments with sharp edges form this rock. BRECCIA