Argumentation

Essential Questions What is justice? What issues resonate across cultures? How are arguments are developed?

Unpacking EA 2B Prompt: Develop an argument about an issue that resonates across cultures. Choose a position, a target audience, and effective structure to convey your argument. DO NOW: Deconstruct the above prompt. What skills and knowledge do you need to have to complete this prompt?

Develop an argument about an issue that resonates across cultures Develop an argument about an issue that resonates across cultures. Choose a position, a target audience, and effective structure to convey your argument. Skills Knowledge

Arguing for Justice An argument usually focuses on a topic of interest to many people. The topic may have many sides or only two sides: for OR against Read “Arguing for Justice” on pages 138-139 Complete Justice Chart on page 139 to begin thinking about terms related to justice and your associations.

Rhetorical Appeals (Persuasive Language) Pathos – emotional appeal Describes the writer’s appeal to an audience's emotions. Logos – logical appeal Describes the writer’s appeal to the reader’s logic/reason by making a reasonable claim and offering proof in support of that claim, whether the reader agrees or not. Ethos – ethical appeal Describes the writer’s appeal that relies on the credibility of the author. The reader asks themselves, "What does this person know about this topic?" and "Why should I trust this person?"

"50% of marriages end in divorce" "My mother was diagnosed with multiple sclerosis when I was twelve. I saw her pain and suffering which is why I want to support MS research." "Before I was president, I was the governor of New York." "As your doctor, I have to tell you that if you don't stop smoking, you're going to die."

Analyze Rhetorical Appeals “On Surrender at Bear Paw Mountain, 1877” (150) “On Women’s Right to Vote” (151-152)

Elements of Argument Claim – the thesis of the argument Evidence - support for the claim/thesis Commentary- explanation of why and how the evidence supports the claim Counterclaims – a position taken by someone with an opposing viewpoints or evidence that disagrees with your thesis Concession – admission that the opposing side has valid points Refutations – Evidence or reasoning that negates the counterclaims Conclusion – concluding statement that pulls the claim and evidence together to create a call to action

Forms of Evidence Evidence - used to support a thesis/claim in an argument Empirical evidence – based on experience and direct observation through research Logical evidence – based on facts and a clear rationale Anecdotal evidence – based on personal accounts 6th block finished here and read Time for american

Identifying Elements of an Argument Read “Time to Assert American Values” (142) Identify the claim. Identify the evidence. What types of evidence are used? Identify the concessions. Identify the refutation. Identify the call to action. How did the write signal the conclusion?

Reasoning & Evidence To evaluate an argument: Determine whether a writer’s reasoning is valid Determine if the evidence provided sufficiently supports the claim Be aware of the use of common fallacies

Analyzing an Argument Read from Mohandas Ghandi’s “On Civil Disobedience” (148) Identify intended audience. Identify claim. Identify supporting evidence. Identify the organization of the argument.

Common Fallacies Hasty Generalizations – a conclusion based on insufficient or biased evidence; rushing to a conclusion Either/Or – a conclusion that oversimplifies the argument by reducing it to only two choices Ad Populum – an emotional appeal that speaks to positive or negative feelings rather than the real issue Moral Equivalence – a comparison of minor misdeeds with major atrocities Red Herring – a diversionary tactic that avoids the key issues, often by avoiding opposing arguments (146) See page 146 for example of each

Evaluating Reasoning Look back at from “On Civil Disobedience” Identify examples of fallacious reasoning (common fallacies)

Unpacking EA 2B Prompt: Develop an argument about an issue that resonates across cultures. Choose a position, a target audience, and effective structure to convey your argument. DO NOW: Deconstruct the above prompt. What skills and knowledge do you need to have to complete this prompt?