A SPEAKER’S GUIDEBOOK 5 TH EDITION Chapter 1 Becoming a Public Speaker

WHY STUDY PUBLIC SPEAKING?  Gain real-life skills  Advance your professional goals  Enhance your career as a student  Become an engaged citizen So, this course really is all about you! If you have an i>clicker, which one of these reasons do you consider to be most valuable?

Gain Real-life Skills  Public speaking allows you to communicate your concerns with others and make your voice heard.  Skill in public speaking gives you an advantage in life, leading to greater confidence and satisfaction.  Preparing for public speaking helps you develop organizational skills that are applicable to other areas of life.

Advance Your Professional Goals  Research shows employers rank the following employee qualities most important: 1. Communication skills 2. Honesty/integrity 3. Interpersonal skills 4. Motivation/initiative 5. Strong work ethic 6. Teamwork skills

Enhance Your Career as a Student  Speech writing requires skills you use in other courses, including:  Researching  Writing and outlining  Listening  Reasoning  Critical analysis  Speech delivery techniques also apply to other courses and disciplines

BECOME AN ENGAGED CITIZEN  Public speaking skills give you a way to enter the public conversation about social concerns.  You have an opportunity to effect change when you speak up and become an engaged citizen.  You will learn the “rules of engagement” for effective public discourse.

BECOME AN ENGAGED CITIZEN (cont.) Use your i>clicker to select one of the following responses, then discuss. A. I voted in the last election. B. I did not vote because I was not eligible. C. I forgot to vote. D. I did not want to vote. E. I do not think my vote matters.

THE CLASSICAL ROOTS OF PUBLIC SPEAKING  Ancient Greece  Developed rhetoric (oratory): practice of public speaking  Rhetoric was practiced in the agora: public square or marketplace  Rhetoric was used to settle civil disputes, set public policy, and establish laws  Rights were limited to free, property- holding males

THE CLASSICAL ROOTS OF PUBLIC SPEAKING (cont.)  Ancient Rome  Continued Greek tradition by meeting in forum: public space in which people gathered to deliberate about issues of the day

Classical Terms & the Canons of Rhetoric  Forensic oratory: legal speech used to persuade jurors  Deliberative oratory: speech given in legislative or political contexts  Epideictic oratory: speech delivered in special ceremonies

Classical Terms & the Canons of Rhetoric (cont.)  Aristotle (Greece) divided speech preparation into the following five parts:  Invention  Arrangement  Style  Memory  Delivery  Cicero (Rome) later renamed these five canons

Classical Terms & the Canons of Rhetoric (cont.)  Invention: adapting speech information to audience to make your case  Aristotle  Inventio: discovering your speech material  Cicero

Classical Terms & the Canons of Rhetoric (cont.)  Arrangement: organizing speech in ways that are best suited to topic and audience  Aristotle  Dispositio: arranging material  Cicero

Classical Terms & the Canons of Rhetoric (cont.)  Style: the way speaker uses language to express speech ideas  Aristotle  Elocutio: styling speech  Cicero

Classical Terms & the Canons of Rhetoric (cont.)  Memory: practicing speech until it can be artfully delivered  Aristotle  Memoria: remembering various lines of argument to prove case  Cicero

Classical Terms & the Canons of Rhetoric (cont.)  Delivery: vocal and nonverbal behavior you use when speaking  Aristotle  Pronounciatio: vocal and nonverbal delivery  Cicero

PUBLIC SPEAKING & OTHER FORMS OF COMMUNICATION  Four categories of human communication include:  Dyadic: communication between two people (conversation)  Small group: communication among small number of people who can see and speak directly with one another (meeting)

PUBLIC SPEAKING & OTHER FORMS OF COMMUNICATION (cont.)  Four categories of human communication include (cont.):  Mass: communication between speaker and large audience of unknown people (radio or television broadcast)  Public speaking: speaker delivers message with specific purpose to audience that is present during speech delivery  Audience listens with limited interruption

Similarities between Public Speaking & Other Forms of Communication  You must speak to other people who are focused on you  Small group  You must think about audience members’ interests, attitudes, and values  Mass  You must try to make yourself understood; involve and respond to others; and take responsibility for your words  Dyadic

Differences between Public Speaking & Other Forms of Communication  You have less opportunity for response or feedback from your listeners  Speaker must interpret listeners’ verbal and nonverbal cues  You are responsible for more of message content, which requires careful preparation  You must use more formal communication style

PUBLIC SPEAKING AS AN INTERACTIVE COMMUNICATION PROCESS  All communication involves the following elements:  Source  Receiver  Message  Channel  Shared meaning  Context, goals, outcome

PUBLIC SPEAKING AS AN INTERACTIVE COMMUNICATION PROCESS (cont.)

 Source (sender): person who creates message  Speaker transforms ideas and thoughts into messages and sends them to receiver, or audience  Encoding: process of organizing message, choosing words and sentence structure, and verbalizing message

PUBLIC SPEAKING AS AN INTERACTIVE COMMUNICATION PROCESS (cont.)  Receiver (audience): recipient (individual or group) of source’s message  Decoding: process of interpreting message  Audience members decode meaning of message selectively, based on individual experiences and attitudes

PUBLIC SPEAKING AS AN INTERACTIVE COMMUNICATION PROCESS (cont.)  Receiver (cont.)  Audience conveys feedback: response to message  Can be conveyed both verbally and nonverbally, through gestures  Indicates whether speaker’s message has been understood

PUBLIC SPEAKING AS AN INTERACTIVE COMMUNICATION PROCESS (cont.)  Message: content of communication process—thoughts and ideas put into meaningful expressions  Can be expressed both verbally (through sentences and points of speech) and nonverbally (through eye contact and gestures)

PUBLIC SPEAKING AS AN INTERACTIVE COMMUNICATION PROCESS (cont.)  Channel: medium through which speaker sends message  E.g., sound waves, air waves, electronic transmission

PUBLIC SPEAKING AS AN INTERACTIVE COMMUNICATION PROCESS (cont.)  Channel (cont.)  Noise: anything that interferes with communication process between speaker and audience so that message cannot be understood  Can derive from external sources in environment or from internal psychological factors

PUBLIC SPEAKING AS AN INTERACTIVE COMMUNICATION PROCESS (cont.)  Shared meaning: mutual understanding of message between speaker and audience  Lowest level of shared meaning exists when speaker has merely caught audience’s attention  Higher degree of shared meaning is possible as message develops

PUBLIC SPEAKING AS AN INTERACTIVE COMMUNICATION PROCESS (cont.)  Context: anything that influences speaker, audience, occasion, and speech  E.g., recent surrounding events, physical setting, order and timing of speeches, and cultural orientation of audience members  Rhetorical situation: circumstances that call for public response  Consideration of audience, occasion, and overall speech situation when planning speech

PUBLIC SPEAKING AS AN INTERACTIVE COMMUNICATION PROCESS (cont.)  Context (cont.)  Bearing rhetoricalsituation in mind ensures that you keep audience-centered approach: each phase of speech preparation process is geared toward communicating meaningful message to audience

PUBLIC SPEAKING AS AN INTERACTIVE COMMUNICATION PROCESS (cont.)  Speech purpose: clearly defined goal for what you want audience to learn or do or believe as result of your speech  Constructive feedback: helps you assess speech’s effects and decide whether you have accomplished what you set out to do

LEARNING TO SPEAK IN PUBLIC  Public speaking is an acquired skill that improves with practice  Skills you already have that will help you:  Conversational skills provide instinctive adjustments to audience, topic, and occasion  Composition skills help you research topic, offer evidence, use effective transitions, and devise persuasive appeals

Become an Inclusive Speaker  Create sense of inclusion by addressing diverse audiences with sensitivity  Demonstrate respect for differences in culture: language, beliefs, values, norms, behaviors, and even material objects that are passed from one generation to next

Become an Inclusive Speaker (cont.)  Cultivate cultural intelligence: willingness to learn about other cultures and gradually reshape thinking and behavior in response to what you’ve learned

DISCUSSION: Do You Agree or Disagree? “Anyone who forms a judgment on any point but cannot explain himself clearly might as well have never thought on the subject.” –Pericles, Greek Philosopher

QUESTION Knowing that you’ll soon be giving a speech, which one of the canons are you most concerned or nervous about? A. Invention B. Arrangement C. Style D. Memory E. Delivery

KEY TERMS  oratory  rhetoric  agora  forum  public forum  forensic oratory  deliberative oratory  epideictic oratory  canons of rhetoric  invention  arrangement  style  memory  delivery

KEY TERMS (cont.)  dyadic communication  small group communication  mass communication  public speaking  source  encoding  receiver  decoding  feedback  message  channel  noise  shared meaning  rhetorical situation

KEY TERMS (cont.)  audience-centered perspective  speech purpose  culture  cultural intelligence