ISM Code Training Material Ship-Type Operations ISM Code Training Material UNITAS

Ship-Type Operations UNITAS

Ship-Type Operations Bulk Carriers Session 10 Bulk Carriers Bulk Cargo and Trades Typical bulk cargoes: grain, coal, iron ore, fertilizer, minerals, concentrates & their characteristics Personnel protection Bulk Carrier Features and Specialities OBO and open bulkers Size ranges: handy size, panamax, suezmax, cape size Geared bulkers, self unloaders & hatch cover features UNITAS

Ship-Type Operations Bulk Carriers Session 10 Bulk Carriers Bulk Cargo Operations General operation on board Basic preparation of holds Loading operation Cargo distribution Laden voyage Discharging operation Disposal of cargo residue and waste UNITAS

Ship-Type Operations Bulk Carriers Session 10 Bulk Carriers UNITAS

Ship-Type Operations UNITAS Session 10 Bulk Carriers Grain Stability In the past, especially 19th century, ships carrying grain cargo were lost because voids were left under decks Voids can cause grain cargo to shift due to rolling of the ship, creating a heeling moment. If this moment is greater than the righting moment, ship capsizes. If less, it causes a heel, can expose openings or cause further cargo shift The term grain includes wheat, maize (corn), oats, rye, barley, rice, pulses, seeds and processed forms thereof whose behavior is similar to that of grain in its natural state (SOLAS Chapter VI). UNITAS

Ship-Type Operations Bulk Carriers Session 10 International Grain Code Bulk Carriers Cargo ships to comply with this Code (SOLAS Ch.VI Reg.9). Sets out requirements for stability and stowage angle of heel due to grain shift < 12° Grain Stability statical stability diagram, residual area (as shown) >0,075 m.rad initial GM >0,30 m. After loading, Master to ensure ship is upright before departure UNITAS

Ship-Type Operations Bulk Carriers Session 10 Bulk Carriers Grain Stability Stowage Protection from capsizing of ships carrying grain cargoes: Purposely designed ships, Bulk Carriers, with angled upper wing tanks which make the cargo hold “self trimming”. Fitting feeder ducts to fill the void spaces below deck. Fitting longitudinal curtain bulkheads, break up free surface. Fitting shifting boards in the upper parts. Saucers filled with bags of grain. Trimming partially filled holds, covering with separation cloth or platform and over stowing with bags of grain. Strapping, lashing, securing with wire mesh. UNITAS

Ship-Type Operations Bulk carrier Session 10 Bulk carrier Wide deck openings as for cargo ship, but denser cargo. Strength of hatch covers forward important. Side shell frames inside holds can be a problem if fractured. Holds shaped to avoid shifting of cargo. Usually corrugated bulkheads to prevent trapping cargo. Upper lower wing tanks arrangement main feature. UNITAS

Ship-Type Operations Ore carriers Session 10 Ore carriers Small cargo hold volumes owing to very dense cargo. Flush longitudinal bulkheads makes it easier to load unload cargo. Bulk carrier loaded with iron ore cargo- alternate loading causes high stresses. UNITAS

Ship-Type Operations Bulk Carriers Session 10 Bulk Carriers High density cargo Bulkhead buckling UNITAS

Ship-Type Operations Bulk Carriers Session 10 Bulk Carriers Bad examples Cargo distribution UNITAS

10.1 Bulk cargoes and trades Ship-Type Operations 10.1 Bulk cargoes and trades Dry bulk Wet bulk Iron ore crude oil (Clean/dirty) Coal chemicals Grain refinery products Bauxite/ Alumina alcohols Phosphate rock naptha Fertilizer benzol etc. Minerals UNITAS

10.1 Bulk cargoes and trades Ship-Type Operations 10.1 Bulk cargoes and trades Unpacked dry cargo such as grain, iron ore, coal fertilizer or minerals etc. Any commodity shipped loose without being packed in cargo units is called bulk cargo. Shipped in large quantities Mostly on long haul trades between continents Freight per ton UNITAS

10.1 Bulk cargoes and trades Ship-Type Operations 10.1 Bulk cargoes and trades A few examples: Tubarao (S.America) – Qingdao (China) – Coal Richards bay (S.Africa) – Rotterdam – Coal South Brazil – Bejaia (N.Africa) – Sugar Ponta de Madeira (S.America) – Taranto – Ore Rio de la Plata (S.America) – N.America / - Grain UNITAS

Ship-Type Operations 10.2 Bulk cargo operations Draft survey before and after loading/ discharging Ballasting/ deballasting based on stress/strain Stowage factor of cargo to be taken into account by calculation Stowage factor = 1 . Density UNITAS

10.2 Bulk cargo operations preparation of cargo holds Ship-Type Operations 10.2 Bulk cargo operations preparation of cargo holds cleaning, washing, drying holds with ventilation etc Bilges to be swept, and covered covering bilges, tank tops, bulkheads, tween-decks hatchways, lightings, sounding pipes, lashing points etc. Cargo holds should be dust-, dirt- and odour free No traces of previous cargo !! Inspection by cargo surveyor prior loading UNITAS

10.2 Bulk cargo operations Cargo operations Ship-Type Operations Loading/ discharging by grabs Discharging by suction – grain & light cargo Draft survey before & after loading& discharging Bob-cat or other excavating trucks remove cargo from hold edges, tank top etc. Rest cargo after finishing discharge to be removed manually by crew – shovels, brooms, drums… UNITAS

10.3 Bulk carrier features and specialities Ship-Type Operations 10.3 Bulk carrier features and specialities Bulk carrier: in general a ship constructed with - single deck - top side tanks and - hopper tanks in cargo spaces & intended primarily to carry dry cargo in bulk. May be of single/double hull construction & includes ore carriers & combination carriers (OBO) UNITAS

10.3 Bulk carrier features and specialities Ship-Type Operations 10.3 Bulk carrier features and specialities Loading / discharging sequence Hogging/ sagging !! Large cargo holds Large Ballast tanks Danger of cargo shifting in cargo hold may cause heeling of ship which may lead to capsizing Angle of repose of cargo not to exceed 30° UNITAS

10.3 Bulk carrier features and specialities Ship-Type Operations 10.3 Bulk carrier features and specialities Economies of scale Types of bulkers – Handysize (< 25,000 GT) Handymax (< 45,000 GT) – fertilisers, Grain etc. Panamax bulker – ship dimensions limited to panama canal Capesize (> 80,000 GT) – coal, Iron ore trade VLBC (> 200,000 GT) – ores, coal, minerals UNITAS

10.3 Bulk carrier features and specialities Ship-Type Operations 10.3 Bulk carrier features and specialities Framework – wear & tear Wing tanks Hatch cover systems Coating of ballast tanks/ holds Ballast hold (OBO‘s!!) Stress on frames & shell plating due to external forces (sea, crane grabs, bulldozers etc.) Loading condition Corroded steel/ poorly maintained hull plating Welding of frames to hull loosened UNITAS

Video: “Bulk Carrier Losses” (17 min) Ship-Type Operations Video: “Bulk Carrier Losses” (17 min) UNITAS

“ Bulk Carriers Losses” “Bulk Carriers Safeguard” Ship-Type Operations Session 10 Bulk Carriers VIDEOS “ Bulk Carriers Losses” “Bulk Carriers Safeguard” UNITAS