Lecture 2 LISAM. Statistical software.

LISAM What is LISAM? Social network for Creating personal pages Creating courses  Storing course materials (lectures, documents, useful links)  Publishing assignments to certain student groups (labs, project work)  Uploading and submitting solutions to assignments electronically  Correcting and grading the solutions Communication between students and teacher Introduction to academic studies

How it looks like when you logon Introduction to academic studies

Panels Menu Newsfeed: you find comments from people and courses you have chosen to follow Messages: important information from teachers/administrators in your courses. Important menus: About me (edit the profile, set the default language) My courses: See all courses that you registered yourself for. About LISAM help information Introduction to academic studies

If the webpage is in Swedish About me  Edit your profile Introduction to academic studies

Accessing a course Mina kurser/ My courses Introduction to academic studies

Course structure Introduction to academic studies

Course structure Syllabus: compressed information about the course, teaching, examination and admission requirements Course documents: basic course material: lectures, files (uploaded by teacher) Collaborative workspace: teachers and students can publish files there and make comments Newsfeed: Teachers and students may start a conversation there Announcements: information from teacher Timetable: link to schedule in TimeEdit Submissions: Here you may find your labs/assignments and submit the answer Assessment record: The overview of your grades Introduction to academic studies

Course menus Introduction to academic studies Note that each lab/assignment has a deadline and an end date

Submit a report Introduction to academic studies

Statistical and data mining software Commerical  SAS  Minitab  SPSS  Matlab  Microsoft SQL Server Free of charge:  R  WinBugs  Python  GGobi Introduction to academic studies

SAS  Basic Module  SAS Enterprise Guide  SAS JMP  … Introduction to academic studies

SAS Learn: How SAS is started What is Library What's in the Editor, Output, Log What's in the Results How to create a library How to import XLS document to the library Note data material (Column attributes) Write a simple computer program and save the file  proc. gplot data = sashelp.class;  plot height * weight;  run; Run the program Sas file upload. Help (contents, index, search, SAS/GRAPH, SAS/STAT) Introduction to academic studies proc import datafile=’C:\Customers.xlsx' dbms=xlsx out=Customers; sheet='Sheet1'; run;

Minitab Learn: Import data Look through the menus Run regression Make a plot Introduction to academic studies

R R is a real computer language with full flexibility Constantly increasing amount of packages (new research) Free of charge Website: Code Editor: Introduction to academic studies

Software: use RStudio Install R: Install RStudio: Introduction to academic studies Program Execution console Plots Workspace

Basics in RStudio Important to know: Create a new file and save it (File menu) Running one line or entire code (Edit menu) Running one line in console Workspace (Observe, Save, Clear) Setting current directory (Tools) Installing new package (Packages tabs) Introduction to academic studies

Call help Specific function  help(function) Help browser  help.start() Search for something in help  help.search(“expression”) Quick reminder of function arguments:  args(function) Examples of how to use function:  example(function) If some method is not installed on the computer:  RSiteSearch(”expression") Introduction to academic studies

Introduction R is case-sensitive (A and a) Each command on a new line Comment: #R is a very cool language! Initialize/set the variable Use-> or <- a<-3 3->b Introduction to academic studies

Vectors Create a vector x<-c(1,3) See the result x print(x) Introduction to academic studies

Sequence Either‘: ‘ or seq() Introduction to academic studies

Use matrix() a<-matrix( values,nrow= m,ncol= n ) Values should be listed columnvise nrow= and ncol= can be skipped Introduction to academic studies Matrices

Index Positive index x[1,6] x[2:10] Negative index x[-(1:5)] all except 1:5 Entire column or row x[2,] entire column 2 Introduction to academic studies

Vectors and matrices of the row length can be collected into a data frame Used to store the data of different types into a single table Use data.frame( object 1, object 2, …, object k ) Introduction to academic studies Data frame

Any object in the data frame can be retrieved by dataframe $ object Introduction to academic studies Data frame

Read data from Excel file 1. Save as ”comma-separated file”(csv) 2. Use Dataframe<-read.csv2(file_name) Exercise: Use Excel file Airlines.xls and import it to R Introduction to academic studies

Conditioning and loops If (x==3) { … } else { … } for (i in 2:99) { … } while(x!=29) { … } Introduction to academic studies

for (name in expr1 ) { … } while (condition) { … } Introduction to academic studies Loops

Function writing must always end with writing the value which should be returned! You may also use ”return(value)” to show what value the function should return Introduction to academic studies Writing your own functions