PowerPoint Presentations for Passer/Smith Psychology: Frontiers and Applications by David K. Jones Westminster College and Diane Feibel, Ed. D. Raymond Walters College

PowerPoint Presentations for: Passer/Smith Psychology: Frontiers and Applications Chapter 15 Treatment of Psychological Disorders

Psychoanalysis s Goal: Help clients achieve insight, the conscious awareness of the psychodynamics that underlie problems s Techniques: –Free association –Dream interpretation

Psychoanalysis s Resistance –Defensive maneuvers by the client that hinder the process of therapy s Transference –Positive transference: Client transfers feelings of affection, dependency, love to the analyst –Negative transference: Expressions of anger, hatred, or disappointment

Brief Psychodynamic Therapy s Focuses on insight and interpretation, like regular psychoanalysis s Conversation rather than free association s Focus on current life situation, rather than past s Clients seen once or twice a week

Humanistic Therapies s Focus primarily on the present and future, rather than the past s Therapy directed at helping clients to discover true identities and to achieve personal growth

Humanistic Therapies s Three important therapist attributes (Rogers, 1959) –Unconditional positive regard –Empathy –Genuineness

Ellis’ Rational-Emotive Therapy

Beck’s Cognitive Therapy s Point out errors of thinking and logic that underline disturbance

Behavioral Therapies s Systematic desensitization –Train the client in voluntary muscle relaxation –Client constructs a stimulus hierarchy –Client practices relaxation while moving up the hierarchy

Behavioral Therapies s Aversion Therapy –Therapist pairs a stimulus that is attractive to a person with a noxious UCS gy/postgrads/pgm1/Classical/Conditioning/sld023.htm

Behavioral Therapies s Token economies –Plastic tokens can be redeemed for various tangible reinforcers

Punishment s In the view of most psychologists, punishment is the least preferred way to control behavior

Modeling and Social Skills Training s Clients learn new skills by observing and then imitating models who perform a particular skill

Eclecticism s To an increasing extent, therapists are combining orientations and therapeutic techniques for particular clients

Cultural Factors in Therapy s Barriers to treatment (Sue & Sue, 1990) –Cultural norms –Access problems –Lack of skilled counselors to provide culturally responsible forms of treatment s Culturally competent therapists (Sue, 1998) –Able to use knowledge of client’s culture to understand the client –Able to introduce culture-specific elements into therapy

Evaluating Psychotherapy s Specificity question –Which types of therapy, adminstered by which kinds of therapists, to which kinds of clients, produce which kinds of effects? s Measurement of outcomes –Emotions, thoughts, or behaviors? –Who determines outcomes? n Client n Therapist n Others

Evaluating Psychotherapy s Desirable standards for designing psychotherapy research studies: –Randomized clinical trials –Placebo control groups –Standardization of treatment

Factors Affecting Therapy Outcome s Openness and willingness to invest in therapy s Self-relatedness –Ability to understand internal states and relate to therapist s Nature of the problem and its “fit” with therapy s Common factors –Faith in the therapist –Alternative and plausible way of looking at problems –Protective setting –Opportunity to practice new behaviors –Increased optimism and self-efficacy

Therapist-Client Relationship s The most important factor in therapy outcome s Therapists who: –Are empathic –Are genuine –Unconditionally accept clients tend to produce the best effects

Effectiveness of Psychotherapy (Seligman, 1995) n n n n n n n n n n

Drug Therapies s Anti-anxiety drugs –E.g. Valium, Xanax, BuSpar –Psychological and physical dependence can occur QAAAFFBWCYSYZSFEQ

Antidepressant Drugs s Tricyclics s MAO (Monoamine oxidase inhibitors) s SSRIs (Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors)

How Do Anti-Depressants Work? s Tricyclics prevent the reuptake of excitatory neurotransmitters into the presynaptic neurons s MAO inhibitors reduce the activity of MAO, an enzyme that breaks down neurotransmitters in the synapse

How Do Anti-Depressants Work? s SSRIs increase the activity of serotonin in the synapse by preventing its reuptake by the presynaptic neuron

Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) s ECT is used in treating severe depression s Controlled studies indicate that 60-70% of people given ECS improve (Rey & Waller, 1997)

Psychosurgery s Surgical procedures that remove or destroy brain tissue to change disordered behavior

Preventive Mental Health s Situation-focused intervention –Directed at reducing or eliminating environmental causes of behavior disorders and enhancing situational factors preventing disorders s Competency-focused prevention –Designed to increase personal resources and coping skills