EUROPE

Setting the Boundaries 40 countries ranging from large states (e.g., Germany) to microstates (e.g., Andorra) Relatively small region; Densely settled Shared history amidst cultural diversity Diversity Amid Globalization, 4th edition: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, and Wyckoff

MAJOR GEOGRAPHIC QUALITIES Western extremity of Eurasia Lingering world influence High degrees of specialization Manufacturing dominance Numerous nation-states Urbanized population High standards of living

Europe Arctic Norway Figure 8.1 Diversity Amid Globalization, 4th edition: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, and Wyckoff

Size and Location Figure 8.3 Diversity Amid Globalization, 4th edition: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, and Wyckoff

Landform Regions European Lowlands Alpine Mountain System Figure 8.5 European Lowlands Alpine Mountain System Central Uplands Western Highlands What landform regions do these two photographs belong to? Figure 8.6 Diversity Amid Globalization, 4th edition: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, and Wyckoff

PHYSICAL LANDSCAPES Alpine System Western Uplands Central Uplands North European Lowland

Climate Although along the same line of latitude as northern Canada, Europe has much milder climates. What accounts for this difference? Figure 8.7 Diversity Amid Globalization, 4th edition: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, and Wyckoff

Environmental Issues – Overview How does the pattern of acid rain damage correspond with Figure 8.37? Figure 8.9 Diversity Amid Globalization, 4th edition: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, and Wyckoff

Environmental Issues Toxic Landscape in Romania Acid Rain in Bohemia Figure 8.10 Diversity Amid Globalization, 4th edition: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, and Wyckoff Figure 8.11

Changing Environments Wind Farm in Denmark Restoring Heath in England Diversity Amid Globalization, 4th edition: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, and Wyckoff Figure 8.13

RELATIVE LOCATION At the heart of the land hemisphere Maximum efficiency for contact with the rest of the world Every part of Europe is close to the sea. Navigable waterways Moderate distances

RELATIVE LOCATION

AGRARIAN REVOLUTION Began in Europe in the 1750s Based on new agricultural innovations Enabled increased food production Enabled sustained population increase

INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION Developed in the UK between 1750-1850 Evolved from technical innovations that occurred in British industry Proved to be a major catalyst towards increased urbanization Produced a distinct spatial pattern in Europe

POLITICAL REVOLUTION END TO THE RULE OF MONARCHIES CENTRIPETAL FORCES CENTRIFUGAL FORCES EMERGENCE OF NATION STATES

AREAL FUNCTIONAL SPECIALIZATION Particular peoples and particular places concentrating on the production of particular goods Roman Empire Parts of North Africa - granaries Elba produced iron ore. Southern Spain mined and exported silver and lead.

AREAL FUNCTIONAL SPECIALIZATION Particular peoples and particular places concentrating on the production of particular goods Roman Empire Parts of North Africa - granaries Elba produced iron ore. Southern Spain mined and exported silver and lead.

SPATIAL INTERACTION Movement across geographic space Involves contact of people in two or more places for the purposes of exchanging goods or ideas Principles Complementarity Transferability Intervening opportunity

COMPLEMENTARITY Germany Italy Two places, through an exchange of goods, can specifically satisfy each other’s demands. One area has a surplus of an item demanded by a second area. Germany Italy

COMPLEMENTARITY

TRANSFERABILITY The ease with which a commodity may be transported or the capacity to move a good at a bearable cost Rivers, mountain passes, road networks Advances in transportation technology

INTERVENING OPPORTUNITY The presence of a nearer source of supply or opportunity that acts to diminish the attractiveness of more distant sources and sites Would Austrian beer be cheaper to import into Italy?

POPULATION DENSITY EUROPE Population Density: 256 persons per square mile Urbanization: 73%

Population and Settlement Figure 8.14 Diversity Amid Globalization, 4th edition: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, and Wyckoff

Demographic Trends - Slow or Negative RNI - High Densities Diversity Amid Globalization, 4th edition: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, and Wyckoff

Linguistic Diversity Diversity Amid Globalization, 4th edition: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, and Wyckoff

Religious Diversity Tensions in Northern Ireland Diversity Amid Globalization, 4th edition: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, and Wyckoff

Migration How has migration influenced Europe ? Figure 8.15 Diversity Amid Globalization, 4th edition: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, and Wyckoff

EUROPE’S IMPLOSION POPULATION Falling share of the world’s population Fertility at an all-time low Fewer young people Smaller working age population Boom & bust age-dependent Immigration partially offsetting losses

URBAN TRADITION Urbanization Related concepts Primate city Metropolis CBD

PRIMATE CITIES A country’s largest city Jefferson’s criteria: Always disproportionately larger than the second largest urban center -- more than twice the size Especially expressive of the national culture Usually (but not always) the capital Examples: Paris, London, Athens

EUROPEAN versus AMERICAN CITIES Similarities: Central core Suburban ring

EUROPEAN versus AMERICAN CITIES Differences: High suburban density Apartments Public transportation Land scarcity Centralized urban planning

Historical Cityscapes Aerial View of Central Paris Medieval Renaissance-Baroque Industrial Figure 8.18 Diversity Amid Globalization, 4th edition: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, and Wyckoff

Geopolitical Change Diversity Amid Globalization, 4th edition: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, and Wyckoff

Europe—East and West Iron Curtain Cold War Buffer Zone Former East Germany Iron Curtain Cold War Buffer Zone Figure 8.31 The “Wall Zone” in Berlin Diversity Amid Globalization, 4th edition: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, and Wyckoff Figure 8.4.2

Geopolitical Framework Terrorism in Madrid Figure 8.5.1 Figure 8.29 Diversity Amid Globalization, 4th edition: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, and Wyckoff

The EU and Economic Integration Figure 8.38 Diversity Amid Globalization, 4th edition: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, and Wyckoff

KEY CONCEPTS BALKANIZATION IRREDENTISM ETHNIC CLEANSING

BALKANIZATION FROM THE VERB BALKANIZE, WHICH MEANS TO BREAK UP (AS IN A REGION) INTO SMALLER AND OFTEN HOSTILE UNITS ORIGINATES FROM A MOUNTAIN RANGE IN BULGARIA APPLIED TO THE SOUTHERN HALF OF EASTERN EUROPE, i.e., THE BALKAN COUNTRIES OF THE BALKAN PENINSULA

Europe—The Balkans In what ways have ethnicity and religion intersected here? Kosovar Refugees Figure 8.34 Diversity Amid Globalization, 4th edition: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, and Wyckoff

UNDERLYING FORCES CENTRIFUGAL FORCES CENTRIPETAL FORCES REFER TO FORCES THAT TEND TO DIVIDE A COUNTRY RELIGIOUS, LINGUISTIC, ETHNIC, OR IDEOLOGICAL DIFFERENCES CENTRIPETAL FORCES FORCES THAT UNITE AND BIND A COUNTRY TOGETHER A STRONG NATIONAL CULTURE, SHARED IDEOLOGICAL OBJECTIVES, AND A COMMON FAITH

IRREDENTISM A POLICY OF POLITICAL EXPANSION AIMED AT A NATIONAL GROUP LIVING IN A NEIGHBORING COUNTRY RIVER & BORDER MINORITY POPULATION A BORDER ADJUSTMENT B A COUNTRIES

ETHNIC CLEANSING REFERS TO THE FORCIBLE OUSTER OF ENTIRE POPULATIONS FROM THEIR HOMELANDS BY A STRONGER POWER MINORITY POPULATION A B A BORDER COUNTRIES

EUROPE