High and Late Middle Ages

 Monarchs, Nobles, and the Church  Monarchs begin to centralize power. Organize government bureaucracies Developed tax systems Built standing armies. Monarchs Create ties with the townspeople of the middle class.  Townspeople, support Monarchs  Trade increases

 William the Conquer – From France  Was promised the throne by King Edward.  William raised an army and won the backing of the pope.  At the Battle of Hastings, William and his Norman knights triumphed over Harold. – Ed’s Brother-in-Law  Became king of England on Christmas Day  Blended Norman French and Anglo-Saxon customs, languages, and traditions.  Granted large amounts of land to himself

 King Henry II  Expanded accepted customs into law and sent justices out to enforce these royal laws.  The decisions of the royal courts became the foundation of English common law, a legal system based on custom and court rulings.  Common law applied to all of England.  In time, people brought their disputes to royal courts rather than to those of nobles or the Church.  Jury system developed.

 The World in 1050  Western Europe was emerging from a period of isolation  The religion of Islam had given rise to a brilliant civilization that stretched from Spain to India  India East Asia, and West Africa were building the great trading empire.  Byzantine - prosperous and united. I

 The Crusades  Goal – Recapture the Holy Land – Make Pilgrimage safe.  Only the First Crusade came close to achieving its goals.  Christian knights captured Jerusalem in  They capped their victory with a massacre of Muslim and Jewish residents of the city.  The Crusades continued, off and on, for over 200 years.  Muslims recapture Jerusalem which leads to the 3 rd Crusade  Saladin did reopen the holy city to Christian pilgrims

 Pope Urban II  The Byzantine emperor asked Pope Urban II for Christian knights to help him fight the Muslim Turks

 Impact of the Crusades  The Crusades breed religious hatred.  Jews, Christians, and Muslims committed violence through Europe and the Middle East.

 European economies expand  Trade increased and expanded because of the traveling knights.  Merchants use their fleets to carry goods instead of Crusaders to and from Middle East.  The Crusades further encouraged the growth of a money economy.

 Effects on Monarchs and the Church  The Crusades helped to increase the power of monarchs.  Enthusiasm for the Crusades brought papal power to its greatest height.  Crusades did not end the split between the Roman and Byzantine churches as Pope Urban had hoped.  Constantinople was conquered and looted in the Fourth Crusade by Western Crusaders

 Worldview Evolves  Marco Polo, set out for China.  Returned to Venice and wrote a book about the wonders of Chinese civilization.  In the 1400s, a desire to trade directly with India and China would lead Europeans to a new age of exploration

 King John  Lost a war with Philip II and had to give up lands in France.  John rejected the pope’s nominee for archbishop of Canterbury, the pope excommunicated him.

 The Magna Carta  John upset the nobles taxes.  1215, a group of barons forced John to sign the Magna Carta, or great charter.

 Magna Carta1. Nobles had certain rights - will be extended to all English citizens. 2.The monarch must obey the law. 3. habeas corpus - the principle that no person can be held in prison without first being charged with a specific crime.

 The Development of Parliament  English rulers often called on the Great Council for advice. -Evolved into Parliament  House of Lords – Lords and Clergy  House of Commons - knights and middle class citizens  Parliament gained the right to approve any new taxes.  Parliament could limit the power of the monarch

 The Capetian Kings  Nobles elected Hugh Capet, to fill French throne.  Thought he would be a weak king.  Capetian King they made the throne hereditary  Added to their Lands – Destroyed Noble Power  Won the support of the Church.  Created a bureaucracy. Government officials collected taxes Imposed royal law

 Philip Augustus  Paid middle-class officials to fill government positions instead of nobles. – More loyal  Philip gained control of English-ruled lands in Normandy and Anjou. – From King John  Philip had become the most powerful ruler in Europe

 Louis IX  persecuted heretics and Jews  Led French knights in two Crusade, against Muslims.  By the time of his death in 1270, France was emerging as an efficient centralized monarchy

Forming the Estates General  This body had representatives from all three estates, or classes of French society: clergy, nobles, and townspeople.  never controlled the money of France (Parliament)

Holy Roman Empire  Conflicts had arisen between secular rulers and Church officials.  The longest and most destructive struggle pitted popes against the rulers of the Holy Roman Empire, who ruled vast lands from Germany to Italy.

Otto I  Worked closely with the Church.  Appointed bishops to top government jobs.  helped the pope defeat rebellious Roman nobles.  Crowned by the Pope  Called Holy Roman emperor

Henry IV vs. Pope Gregory VII  Pope banned the practice of lay investiture.  Emperors could not appointed install bishops in office.  Gregory excommunicated Henry.  Henry repents his sins to the Pope  Took revenge on Gregory by leading an army to Rome and forcing the pope into exile

Concordat of Worms  This treaty declared that the Church had the sole power to elect and invest bishops with spiritual authority.  The emperor, however, still invested them with fiefs.

Papal Supremacy  Pope Innocent claimed supremacy over all other rulers..  Innocent strengthened papal power within the Church  He extended the Papal States

Education in the Middle Ages  As economic and political conditions improved need for education expanded.  Medical schools  Law schools

Medieval Literature  Spain - Poem of the Cid - a Christian lord who fought both with and against Muslim forces.  Divine Comedy - Dante Alighieri – an imaginary journey into hell and purgatory, where souls await forgiveness.  Canterbury Tales, the English writer Geoffrey Chaucer describes a band of pilgrims traveling to Saint Thomas Becket’s tomb.

Art and Architecture  Gothic style - European architecture that developed in the Middle Ages, characterized by flying buttresses, thin walls, and high roofs  Stain glass windows - pictures depicting the life of Jesus.  helped educate the people who were unable to read.

Black Death  1 in 3 people died  Hit western Europe through Italy then spread to Spain and France.

Where did the Black Death come from?  spread by fleas carried by rats.  A strain survived in Mongolia  Mongol armies conquered much of Asia, probably setting off the new epidemic  Fleas jumped on rats and infest the clothes and packs of traders traveling west.  The disease quickly spread from Asia to the Middle East and then to Europe.

Impact of the Plague  Normal life breaks down – People turn to witchcraft.  Some thought the Plague was God’s Punishment  Jews blamed for the plague and killed  Inflation  Riots

Rise of the Middle Class  The black plague brought about a new middle class  This class was made of merchants and traders  To help regulate the craftsmen guilds were developed  Guilds:  1. Set standard of quality  2. Control wages and prices  3. Train apprentices

The Church Splits  Pope Clement V had moved the papal court to Avignon, France.  Another pope was elected to rule from Rome.  Schism in the Church.  removed authority from all popes and elected Pope Martin V – to the papacy to Rome.

Hundred Years’ War  1337 and 1453  English rulers wanted to hold on to French lands of their Norman ancestors.  French kings wanted to extend their own power in France.  England and France were also rivals for control of the English Channel,

Joan of Arc  France  17-year-old peasant woman  appeared at the court of Charles VII,  She told him that God had sent her to save France.  Charles authorized her to lead an army against the English.  She was taken captive by allies of the English  Went on trial for witchcraft  She was convicted and burned at the stake.  Later declared a saint.

Impact of the Hundred Years’ War  French Kings gained power  Parliament gained power  the more deadly firepower of the longbow and the cannon.  Monarchs used large armies, not feudal vassals, to fight their wars.  As Europe recovered from the Black Death - population expanded - manufacturing grew - Trade increased  Italian cities flourished as centers of trade and shipping.