© 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Mike Meyers’ CompTIA A+ ® Guide to 802: Managing and Troubleshooting PCs Fourth Edition (Exam ) Virtualization Chapter 19

© 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Mike Meyers’ CompTIA A+ ® Guide to 802: Managing and Troubleshooting PCs Fourth Edition (Exam ) Overview In this chapter, you will learn how to –Describe the concepts of virtualization –Explain why PC and network administrators have widely adopted virtualization –Describe how virtualization manifests in modern networks

© 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Mike Meyers’ CompTIA A+ ® Guide to 802: Managing and Troubleshooting PCs Fourth Edition (Exam ) Introduction to Virtualization Virtualization is the “next big thing” in the computer industry. –Virtualization creates a complete environment for a guest operating system to function as if it were installed on its own computer. –Guest environment is called a virtual machine (VM). –Individual machines or entire networks can be virtualized.

© 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Mike Meyers’ CompTIA A+ ® Guide to 802: Managing and Troubleshooting PCs Fourth Edition (Exam ) Introduction to Virtualization (continued) Figure 1: VMware running Linux

© 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Mike Meyers’ CompTIA A+ ® Guide to 802: Managing and Troubleshooting PCs Fourth Edition (Exam ) What Is Virtualization?

© 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Mike Meyers’ CompTIA A+ ® Guide to 802: Managing and Troubleshooting PCs Fourth Edition (Exam ) What Is Virtualization? Most people have heard of “virtual reality.” –A “virtual” world is created by software, with sight and sound provided by video and audio equipment. –Primarily used for gaming, flight simulation, etc. –Equipment such as goggles and special gloves enables you to “see” and “move” objects. Computer virtualization is similar –“Virtual” operating system –Software computer (guest) running on hardware host –Allows multiple different operating systems to run

© 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Mike Meyers’ CompTIA A+ ® Guide to 802: Managing and Troubleshooting PCs Fourth Edition (Exam ) What Is Virtualization? (continued) Figure 2: Virtual reality training (photo courtesy of NASA)

© 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Mike Meyers’ CompTIA A+ ® Guide to 802: Managing and Troubleshooting PCs Fourth Edition (Exam ) What Is Virtualization? (continued) Figure 3: Using virtual reality to practice spacewalking (photo courtesy of NASA)

© 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Mike Meyers’ CompTIA A+ ® Guide to 802: Managing and Troubleshooting PCs Fourth Edition (Exam ) Computer Virtualization Similarly, computers and networks can be virtualized. –Virtualization convinces an operating system that it’s running on its own hardware. –The virtualization software runs on a host operating system that is physically installed on a machine. –The guest operating systems are the virtual machines. –Virtualization uses hypervisors or virtual machine managers to create and manage virtual machines and their interactions with their host environments.

© 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Mike Meyers’ CompTIA A+ ® Guide to 802: Managing and Troubleshooting PCs Fourth Edition (Exam ) Meet the Hypervisor A normal OS uses a program called a supervisor. –Handles very low-level interaction among hardware and software (i.e., task scheduling, allotment of time and resources, etc.) Full virtualization requires an extra layer of programming to manage the complex interactions between the host and guest machines. Enter the hypervisor or virtual machine manager (VMM).

© 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Mike Meyers’ CompTIA A+ ® Guide to 802: Managing and Troubleshooting PCs Fourth Edition (Exam ) Meet the Hypervisor (continued) The hypervisor handles the input and output requests an operating system would make of normal hardware. It allocates real hardware (drives, RAM, media, etc.) from the host to the virtual machines. It enables easy addition and removal of virtual hard drives, virtual network cards, virtual RAM, etc.

© 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Mike Meyers’ CompTIA A+ ® Guide to 802: Managing and Troubleshooting PCs Fourth Edition (Exam ) Meet the Hypervisor (continued) Figure 4: Configuring virtual hardware in VMware Workstation

© 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Mike Meyers’ CompTIA A+ ® Guide to 802: Managing and Troubleshooting PCs Fourth Edition (Exam ) Meet the Hypervisor (continued) Figure 5: System setup utility in VMware Workstation

© 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Mike Meyers’ CompTIA A+ ® Guide to 802: Managing and Troubleshooting PCs Fourth Edition (Exam ) Emulation vs. Virtualization Virtualization uses hardware from the host system and divides it into individual virtual machines. –It abstracts hardware that runs on the same platform. –It cannot virtualize hardware that is on a different platform (an Intel platform cannot virtualize a Sony PlayStation). Emulation is very different. –It enables software written for a different platform to run, but it does not virtualize the hardware.

© 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Mike Meyers’ CompTIA A+ ® Guide to 802: Managing and Troubleshooting PCs Fourth Edition (Exam ) Emulation vs. Virtualization (continued) An emulator is software or hardware that converts the commands to and from the host machine into an entirely different platform. –For example, an emulator makes it possible to run game console software on a PC.

© 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Mike Meyers’ CompTIA A+ ® Guide to 802: Managing and Troubleshooting PCs Fourth Edition (Exam ) Emulation vs. Virtualization (continued) Figure 6: Super Nintendo emulator running on Windows

© 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Mike Meyers’ CompTIA A+ ® Guide to 802: Managing and Troubleshooting PCs Fourth Edition (Exam ) Sample Virtualization The following slides take you through a quick tour of virtualization. –They show the steps involved in setting up and installing a virtual machine and its guest OS. In this example, Windows 7 is the host OS. VMware Workstation is the VMM. Ubuntu is installed as the guest OS.

© 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Mike Meyers’ CompTIA A+ ® Guide to 802: Managing and Troubleshooting PCs Fourth Edition (Exam ) Sample Virtualization (continued) Figure 7: VMware Workstation

© 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Mike Meyers’ CompTIA A+ ® Guide to 802: Managing and Troubleshooting PCs Fourth Edition (Exam ) Sample Virtualization (continued) Figure 8: Selecting a Typical or Custom setup

© 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Mike Meyers’ CompTIA A+ ® Guide to 802: Managing and Troubleshooting PCs Fourth Edition (Exam ) Sample Virtualization (continued) Figure 9: Selecting the installation media

© 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Mike Meyers’ CompTIA A+ ® Guide to 802: Managing and Troubleshooting PCs Fourth Edition (Exam ) Sample Virtualization (continued) Figure 10: Setting the virtual drive size

© 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Mike Meyers’ CompTIA A+ ® Guide to 802: Managing and Troubleshooting PCs Fourth Edition (Exam ) Sample Virtualization (continued) Figure 11: Entering the VM name and location

© 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Mike Meyers’ CompTIA A+ ® Guide to 802: Managing and Troubleshooting PCs Fourth Edition (Exam ) Sample Virtualization (continued) Figure 12: Ubuntu installing into the new virtual machine

© 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Mike Meyers’ CompTIA A+ ® Guide to 802: Managing and Troubleshooting PCs Fourth Edition (Exam ) Sample Virtualization (continued) Figure 13: VMware Workstation with a single VM

© 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Mike Meyers’ CompTIA A+ ® Guide to 802: Managing and Troubleshooting PCs Fourth Edition (Exam ) Sample Virtualization (continued) Figure 14: POST in a virtual machine

© 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Mike Meyers’ CompTIA A+ ® Guide to 802: Managing and Troubleshooting PCs Fourth Edition (Exam ) Why Do We Virtualize?

© 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Mike Meyers’ CompTIA A+ ® Guide to 802: Managing and Troubleshooting PCs Fourth Edition (Exam ) Why Do We Virtualize? Virtualization provides two key benefits: –It reduces the number of physical machines. –Virtual machines are simply files, making it easy to manage backups, security, portability, etc. Other important reasons include –Power savings –Hardware consolidation –System recovery –System duplication –Research

© 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Mike Meyers’ CompTIA A+ ® Guide to 802: Managing and Troubleshooting PCs Fourth Edition (Exam ) Power Savings Before virtualization, each server OS required its own unique physical system. With virtualization, you can place multiple virtual servers on a single physical system, reducing electrical power use. Expanding this electricity savings over an enterprise network or on a data center is cost effective and “green.”

© 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Mike Meyers’ CompTIA A+ ® Guide to 802: Managing and Troubleshooting PCs Fourth Edition (Exam ) Hardware Consolidation A physical high-end server represents a substantial investment in hardware— multiple processors, RAID arrays, redundant power supplies, and RAM. Setting up multiple physical high-end servers can be very expensive. Virtualization makes it possible to increase RAM and run a number of servers on a single machine.

© 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Mike Meyers’ CompTIA A+ ® Guide to 802: Managing and Troubleshooting PCs Fourth Edition (Exam ) System Recovery The most popular reason for virtualization is to keep a high uptime percentage. If a system goes down, you need to quickly restore the system from a backup. Virtualization makes it possible to shut down the VM and reload an alternative copy. Snapshots enable you to make a point-in- time exact copy of the virtual machine that can be used in case of an emergency restore.

© 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Mike Meyers’ CompTIA A+ ® Guide to 802: Managing and Troubleshooting PCs Fourth Edition (Exam ) System Recovery (continued) Figure 15: Saving a snapshot

© 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Mike Meyers’ CompTIA A+ ® Guide to 802: Managing and Troubleshooting PCs Fourth Edition (Exam ) System Duplication VMs are simply files that can be copied. VMs can be mass-duplicated by copying the files to the target machine. This makes it possible to deploy numerous servers with similar baseline operating systems. –Useful in research or teaching environments

© 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Mike Meyers’ CompTIA A+ ® Guide to 802: Managing and Troubleshooting PCs Fourth Edition (Exam ) Research Virtualization makes it possible to reduce the number of research and testing machines. It can streamline the equipment necessary in these areas: –Product testing and research –Security testing and research –Development testing before production

© 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Mike Meyers’ CompTIA A+ ® Guide to 802: Managing and Troubleshooting PCs Fourth Edition (Exam ) Research (continued) Figure 16: Lots of VMs used for research

© 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Mike Meyers’ CompTIA A+ ® Guide to 802: Managing and Troubleshooting PCs Fourth Edition (Exam ) Virtualization in Modern Networks

© 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Mike Meyers’ CompTIA A+ ® Guide to 802: Managing and Troubleshooting PCs Fourth Edition (Exam ) Virtualization in Modern Networks The products we’ve discussed so far offer virtualization over operating systems: –VMware Workstation –Microsoft Virtual PC They are suitable for small implementations with few virtual machines. Large-scale implementations require a different approach.

© 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Mike Meyers’ CompTIA A+ ® Guide to 802: Managing and Troubleshooting PCs Fourth Edition (Exam ) Virtualization in Modern Networks (continued) Virtualization in large-scale networks uses “bare-metal” hypervisors. –No operating system is necessary. –The virtualization software is the OS. –The hypervisor eliminates all the unnecessary OS overhead. VMware introduced ESX in –It was an early serious large-scale bare-metal hypervisor. –It has a small storage footprint and can be installed on and booted from a USB flash drive.

© 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Mike Meyers’ CompTIA A+ ® Guide to 802: Managing and Troubleshooting PCs Fourth Edition (Exam ) Virtualization in Modern Networks (continued) Figure 17: USB drive on server system

© 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Mike Meyers’ CompTIA A+ ® Guide to 802: Managing and Troubleshooting PCs Fourth Edition (Exam ) VMMs vs. Hypervisors A virtual machine manager (VMM) is virtual machine software that runs on top of a host operating system. –Example: VMware Workstation A hypervisor is software that does not need a host operating system. –Example: ESX Server

© 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Mike Meyers’ CompTIA A+ ® Guide to 802: Managing and Troubleshooting PCs Fourth Edition (Exam ) Virtual Machine Managers Many choices are available for Linux, Windows, and Mac OS: –VMware Workstation –Microsoft Virtual PC –Parallels –KVM

© 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Mike Meyers’ CompTIA A+ ® Guide to 802: Managing and Troubleshooting PCs Fourth Edition (Exam ) Virtual Machine Managers (continued) VMware Workstation –Industry leader in virtualization –Comes in versions for Linux and Windows –Offers features such as VMTools that make interactions between guest and host OS seamless

© 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Mike Meyers’ CompTIA A+ ® Guide to 802: Managing and Troubleshooting PCs Fourth Edition (Exam ) Virtual Machine Managers (continued) Virtual PC –Microsoft VMM that runs over various iterations of Windows –Free product –Some limitations Officially supports Windows VMs, but Linux VMs can be installed and managed

© 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Mike Meyers’ CompTIA A+ ® Guide to 802: Managing and Troubleshooting PCs Fourth Edition (Exam ) Virtual Machine Managers (continued) Figure 18: Windows Virtual PC

© 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Mike Meyers’ CompTIA A+ ® Guide to 802: Managing and Troubleshooting PCs Fourth Edition (Exam ) Virtual Machine Managers (continued) Parallels –Most popular virtualization manager for Mac OS X (followed by VMware Fusion) –Supports all popular operating systems and even has good 3-D graphics support

© 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Mike Meyers’ CompTIA A+ ® Guide to 802: Managing and Troubleshooting PCs Fourth Edition (Exam ) Virtual Machine Managers (continued) Figure 19: Parallels for Mac

© 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Mike Meyers’ CompTIA A+ ® Guide to 802: Managing and Troubleshooting PCs Fourth Edition (Exam ) Virtual Machine Managers (continued) KVM –Open-source virtualization product from Red Hat –Represents Linux/Unix world –Supports a few non-x86 processors –Other open-source contenders include Xen and Oracle’s VirtualBox

© 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Mike Meyers’ CompTIA A+ ® Guide to 802: Managing and Troubleshooting PCs Fourth Edition (Exam ) Hypervisors There are several choices, but two are dominant in the market: –Vmware’s ESX –Microsoft’s Hyper-V

© 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Mike Meyers’ CompTIA A+ ® Guide to 802: Managing and Troubleshooting PCs Fourth Edition (Exam ) Hypervisors (continued) ESX –Market leader; offers several features: Support for large storage (SAN and NAS) Transparent and automatic fault tolerance Transparent server transfer—you can move a running VM from one machine to another Support for up to 32 CPUs, depending on the version

© 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Mike Meyers’ CompTIA A+ ® Guide to 802: Managing and Troubleshooting PCs Fourth Edition (Exam ) Hypervisors (continued) Hyper-V –Microsoft’s contender in virtualization Free product Previously only part of Windows Server 2008—now also available as stand-alone product Available for 64-bit systems